• Solicitors and Barristers work in a wide range of specialisms in private practice, the public sector, and in-house for a range of organisations. There is particular demand for scientists in areas such as intellectual property (IP) and environmental law. See our Legal Services sector pages for information

• Patent Agents (or Attorneys) assess new inventions and draft and carry through applications to obtain intellectual property rights for the individual or company that has developed it. They also act to enforce inventors’ rights if patents are infringed. They work in private practice and in-house, for example in manufacturing and pharmaceutical organisations. The patentability of Computer-Implemented Inventions (CII) is a growth area - see the CIPA website and IP Careers. Patent Examiners assess applications for patents, checking that the invention is new. They work in organisations such as the UK Intellectual Property Office www.ipo.gov.uk or the European Patent Office www.epo.org  See the "More resources" section on the legal services page for videos about working in IP.

• Trade Mark Attorneys specialise in advising clients about protecting and enforcing their trade mark rights. See the CITMA site for further information

• Regulatory affairs specialists support or assess registration applications for products in areas such as chemicals, agrochemicals, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. They may work in-house for companies, in consultancies or in regulatory authorities and agencies, for example the Chemicals Regulatory Directorate. (see below for more information on pharmaceuticals)

• Librarians and Information Managers research, manage, organise, evaluate and disseminate information, in physical and online formats. They work in organisations such as academic libraries, research centres, the NHS, pharmaceuticals and specialist collections. The growth in electronic and digital libraries requires skills in managing and producing digital information. See CILIP job roles for more information. The Pharmaceutical Information and Pharmacovigilance Association (PIPA) has information specifically about working in the pharmaceutical industry

• Bioinformatics and Health Informatics jobs involve the application of IT to manage and organise huge quantities of data generated by research, particularly by the increasing number of bioinformatics academic programmes such as the Human Genome Mapping Project. The Biohealthmatics website provides an insight into the work. The NHS Management Training scheme has specialisms including Health Analysis and Health Informatics. The Civil Service Fast Stream includes streams for Digital, Data and Technology, statisticians and operational researchers, but graduates can also be recruited into Assistant Statistician and Data Analyst roles through the general recruitment website 

The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry's (ABPI) careers website is an excellent starting point for information about the wide range of opportunities in the industry and www.pharmiweb.com is a useful website for industry news and job vacancies. 

Some key areas of work include:

• Clinical trials: providing administrative support and management of the clinical trials process. Key roles include Clinical Trials Administrator (CTA) and Clinical Research Associate (CRA). Find out more at the The Institute of Clinical Research (ICR)

• Regulatory work: includes roles such as medical writing and regulatory affairs. This involves recording and documenting details of new products and devices, preparing drug protocols and submission documents for licensing. The Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs (TOPRA) has some careers information on their website 

• Statisticians and Statistical Programmers are involved in experimental design, statistical analysis, data manipulation and reporting of results – see www.psiweb.org for more information. Public Health England recruits research assistants into epidemiology – vacancies are listed on the NHS Jobs and Civil Service recruitment websites

• Communications: key areas include Healthcare Communications/PR/Marketing and Medical Sales Reps who visit health professionals to promote and sell pharmaceutical products and medical equipment. Useful resources include Prospects job profiles and the Healthcare Communications Association, whose website includes a directory of member companies.

• Medical Communications: typically roles within specialist consultancies relating to producing regulatory documentation, communications and publicity for pharmaceutical companies. Useful career guides and information at FirstMedCommsJob.com

Covers a range of jobs that have the communication of scientific information and knowledge as their major function. Our sector pages include information on many of these areas.

• Teaching in schools, colleges and universities. Generous bursaries are available for graduates training to teach some STEM subjects. See the Education job sector pages

• Working in museums and science centres - see the Museums and heritage sector page

• Scientific and technical writing - see the Prospects job profile and the Royal Society of Chemistry's science writer internships

• Scientific publishing - see the Journalism and publishing page and details of the Royal Society of Chemistry's graduate opportunities in publishing

• Journalism - see the Journalism and publishing page

• Communications - many organisations, including research centres, charities, science centres and learned organisations employ staff in communications-related roles. This can include public engagement/outreach work and marketing and communications. See the Advertising, marketing and PR job sector page

Work in this area can involve working with hi-tech environments with responsibility for areas such as:

• Production management – planning, co-ordinating and controlling the manufacturing process. See Prospects: Production manager job profile

• Health and Safety Management- monitoring, managing and controlling health and safety in the workplace. See the Institute of Occupational Health and Safety for more information. Some environmental consultancies and companies in sectors such as manufacturing, engineering and oil & gas recruit graduates into areas such as Health, Safety & Environment (HSE)

• Quality control – testing and checking to ensure production quality, developing and implementing systems. See the CQI website 

• Logistics– dealing with customers, suppliers and distributers to ensure smooth product manufacture, storage, supply, recycling and waste management. Opportunities arise within logistics companies and in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, transport, chemicals, health and household products and food production. See The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport

The work can involve gathering and synthesising information on scientific issues, drafting reports, identifying and analysing policy issues, and offering information and advice to a range of audiences.

• Typically, policy officers work in government departments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), trade associations and professional and learned societies. This is not an easy profession to enter and postgraduate qualifications are usually required. The Science Careers website has some useful articles (search on Science Policy).

• The Civil Service runs a Generalist and a Science and Engineering Fast Stream. Entry to Science and Engineering is open to those with a 2:1 or higher in any degree subject and a masters or doctorate in a biological, physical, mathematical science or engineering subject (or a chartered engineer or scientist). The NHS offers a Policy and Strategy scheme and the Department of Health and Social Care runs a Health Policy Fast Track scheme. 

• Working in the field: not all scientific research and analysis takes place in a lab. You could look out for opportunities that would allow you to work in the field, eg in ecology and conservation, agriculture, environmental management or work with water and renewable energy companies. See the Environment and Energy job sector page for more information.

• Meteorology: involves forecasting, studying the impact of weather on the environment and conducting research into weather patterns, climate change and models of weather prediction. The Royal Meteorological Society's website has more information about training, qualifications and employment

• Health professions: there is a wide range of health professions, many of which offer graduate entry training options for science graduates, eg medicine, dietetics, speech therapy, medical physics and physician associate. See the Health job sector pages, including medicine, nursing and allied professions

• Business Management/Commercial/Finance: Many companies recruit graduates into business/management, Finance and IT training programmes but sectors where your science degree might be helpful include; pharmaceuticals, manufacturing (eg consumer health, food and drink), engineering, construction, utilities (energy, water), universities and professional services consulting firms, who work with clients in these sectors
• Defence: This defence industry develops and exploits technologies often at the cutting edge of science and have far ranging applications beyond the defence field. Defence industry (PDF , 945kb) information sheet