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Chicago referencing style
As used in: English (as well as MLA) and History
This style uses footnotes and lets the reader view full bibliographic details of sources on each page it is cited. Subsequent footnotes of the same source shorten this information. Although footnotes appear in the order that they are referred to, your bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by author. The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page, i.e. William Shakespeare or T.S. Eliot.
An A to Z of Chicago example citations and references
- Atlas
- First reference: 1. Master Atlas of Greater London, 11th ed. (Sevenoaks: Geographers' A-Z Map Company, 2007), 110.
- Second reference: 5. Master Atlas of Greater London, 115.
- Bibliography: Master Atlas of Greater London. 11th ed. Sevenoaks: Geographers' A-Z Map Company, 2007.
- Close section
- Bible
- First reference: 1. Matt. 12:31-32.
- Second reference: 5. Matt. 12:31-32.
- Bibliography: [you do not need to include sacred works in the bibliography]
- Close section
- Blog (weblog) with author
- First reference: 1. Kelly Tetterton, "Virginia Woolf's Orlando: The book as critic," English Literature Resources, entry posted January 1, 2008, http://englishliteratureblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/virginia-woolfs-orlando-book-as-critic.html [accessed July 5, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Tetterton, "Virginia Woolf's Orlando."
- Bibliography: Tetteron, Kelly, "Virginia Woolf's Orlando: The book as critic." English Literature Resources, entry posted January 1, 2008, http://englishliteratureblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/virginia-woolfs-orlando-book-as-critic.html [accessed July 5, 2011].
- Close section
- Blog (weblog) with no author
- First reference: 1. The History Blog, "The history of English in ten minutes," The History Blog, entry posted July 3, 2011, http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/11869 [accessed July 5, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. History Blog, "History of English."
- Bibliography: The History Blog, "The history of English in ten minutes." The History Blog, entry posted July 3, 2011, http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/11869 [accessed July 5, 2011].
- Close section
- Book (1 author)
- First reference: 1. Robert Matz, Defending Literature in Early Modern England: Renaissance Literary Theory in Social Context (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 6.
- Second reference: 5. Matz, Defending Literature, 30.
- Bibliography: Matz, Robert. Defending Literature in Early Modern England: Renaissance Literary Theory in Social Context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Close section
- Book (2 or more authors)
- First reference: 1. Jeremy Black and Donald M. MacRaild, Studying History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 12.
- Second reference: 5. Black and MacRaild, Studying History, 59.
- Bibliography: Black, Jeremy, and Donald M. MacRaild. Studying History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
- Close section
- Book (translated from another language)
- First reference: 1. Karl Joseph Heidecker, The Divorce of Lothar II: Christian Marriage and Political Power in the Carolingian World, trans. Tanis M. Guest (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), 75.
- Second reference: 5. Heidecker, The Divorce of Lothar II, 51.
- Bibliography: Heidecker, Karl Joseph. The Divorce of Lothar II: Christian Marriage and Political Power in the Carolingian World. Translated by Tanis M. Guest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
- Close section
- CD-ROM, with author
- First reference: 1. The Centre for the Study of Christianity and Culture, Images of Salvation, 3rd ed. CD-ROM (York: University of York, 2011).
- Second reference: 5. Centre for the Study of Christianity and Culture, Images of Salvation.
- Bibliography: The Centre for the Study of Christianity and Culture. Images of Salvation, 3rd ed. CD-ROM. York: University of York, 2011.
- Close section
- Chapter in an edited book
- First reference: 1. Elizabeth M. Tyler, "From Old English to Old French," in Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, c.1100-c.1500, eds. David Trotter and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2009), 167.
- Second reference: 5. Tyler, "From Old English to Old French," 174.
- Bibliography: Tyler, Elizabeth M. "From Old English to Old French." In Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, c.1100-c.1500, edited by David Trotter and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, 164-178. Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2009.
- Close section
- Conference Proceedings (full, unpublished)
- First reference: 1. RunCoCo, How to Run a Community Collection Online. University of Oxford, 2010, http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/runcoco/events/26May/index.html#programme [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. RunCoCo, How to Run a Community Collection Online.
- Bibliography: RunCoCo. How to Run a Community Collection Online. 26 May, University of Oxford, 2010. http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/runcoco/events/26May/index.html#programme [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Close section
- Conference paper (unpublished)
- First reference: 1. Alan Edwards, "Case study: how the public contributed to the Great War archive" (paper presented at How to Run a Community Collection Online, University of Oxford, May 26, 2010, http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/runcoco/events/26May/summary.html#public) [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Edwards, "Case study."
- Bibliography: Edwards, Alan. "Case study: how the public contributed to the Great War archive." Paper presented at How to Run a Community Collection Online, University of Oxford, May 26, 2010. http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/runcoco/events/26May/summary.html#public [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Close section
- Dance
- First reference: 1. Frederick Ashton, choreographer, Ondine, The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, November 29, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Ashton, Ondine.
- Bibliography: Ashton, Frederick, choreographer. Ondine. The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, November 29, 2008.
- Close section
- Database online (specific content)
- First reference: 1. BBC Listener Research Department, "A listener research report: listening to enemy broadcasts," British Online Archives, http://www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/document.php?cat=&sid=&cid=&pid=1248-R9-09&date_option=equal&page=&did=248-r9-09-05 [accessed July 9, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. BBC Listener Research Department, "Listening to enemy broadcasts."
- Bibliography: BBC Listener Research Department. "A listener research report: listening to enemy broadcasts." British Online Archives, http://www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/document.php?cat=&sid=&cid=&pid=1248-R9-09&date_option=equal&page=&did=248-r9-09-05.
- Close section
- Diary
- First reference: 1. Mary York, diary, 1795, box 2, Borthwick Institute, University of York.
- Second reference: 5. York, 20.
- Bibliography: York, Mary. Diary. Borthwick Institute, University of York, 1795.
- Close section
- Dictionary (with editor)
- First reference: 1. Robert E. Bjork, The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
- Second reference: 5. Bjork, The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages.
- Bibliography: Bjork, Robert E. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Close section
- Dictionary (without editor)
- First reference: 1. Paperback Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
- Second reference: 5. Paperback Oxford English Dictionary, 20.
- Bibliography: Paperback Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Close section
- DVD: TV series
- First reference: 1. Pride and Prejudice, DVD, (London: BBC, 1995).
- Second reference: 5. Pride and Prejudice, episode 1.
- Bibliography: Pride and Prejudice. DVD. London: BBC, 1995.
- Close section
- DVD: Film
- First reference: 1. Othello, DVD, (Heritage Theatre Ltd, 2007).
- Second reference: 5. Othello, Act 1, scene 1.
- Bibliography: Othello. DVD. London: Heritage Theatre Ltd, 2007.
- Close section
- E-book (online)
- First reference: 1. Jacob Selwood, Diversity and Difference in Early Modern London (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 5, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/york/docDetail.action?docID=10367797 [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Selwood, Diversity and Difference.
- Bibliography: Selwood, Jacob. Diversity and Difference in Early Modern London. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/york/docDetail.action?docID=10367797 [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Close section
- E-book (Kindle)
- First reference: 1. S. Collins, The Hunger Games (Scholastic Fiction, 2011), Kindle edition, 5, http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B005EGXTEE/ref=s9_simh_gw_p351_d2_g351_i4?pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=0V3C55RJ3DB412MK834J&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=467128533&pf_rd_i=468294 [accessed November 5, 2012].
- Second reference: 5. Collins, The Hunger Games.
- Bibliography: Collins, S. The Hunger Games. Scholastic Fiction, 2011. Kindle edition. http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B005EGXTEE/ref=s9_simh_gw_p351_d2_g351_i4?pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=0V3C55RJ3DB412MK834J&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=467128533&pf_rd_i=468294 [accessed November 5, 2012].
- Close section
- E-mail
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, e-mail to the author, June 2, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, e-mail.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. E-mail to the author. June 2, 2011.
- Close section
- Edited book
- First reference: 1. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson, eds., The Medieval World (London: Routledge, 2001).
- Second reference: 5. Linehan and Nelson, eds., The Medieval World.
- Bibliography: Linehan, Peter, and Janet L. Nelson, eds. The Medieval World. London: Routledge, 2001.
- Close section
- Encyclopaedia (full)
- First reference: 1. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 3 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1985).
- Second reference: 5. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 3.
- Bibliography: The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 3. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1985.
- Close section
- Encyclopaedia entry
- First reference: 1. Frank Brooks, Usbourne Children's Encyclopaedia, s.v. "Our world," (London: Usbourne, 2004).
- Second reference: 5. Brooks, Usbourne Children's Encyclopaedia.
- Bibliography: Brooks, Frank. Usbourne Children's Encyclopaedia. London: Usbourne, 2004.
- Close section
- Fax
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, fax message to the author, June 3, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, fax message.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. Fax message to the author. June 3, 2011.
- Close section
- Film
- First reference: 1. Farenheit 451, directed by Francois Truffaut, Los Angeles: Universal Pictures, 1966.
- Second reference: 5. Truffaut, Farenheit 451.
- Bibliography: Farenheit 451. Directed by Francois Truffaut. Los Angeles: Universal Pictures, 1966.
- Close section
- Government publication
- First reference: 1. Great Britain. Defra, Waste Strategy for England 2007, Cm. 7086 (London: The Stationery Office, 2007).
- Second reference: 5. Defra, Waste Strategy for England 2007.
- Bibliography: Great Britain, Defra. Waste Strategy for England 2007, Cm. 7086. London: The Stationery Office, 2007.
- Close section
- Graph / Table / Figure (from book)
- Graph / Table / Figure (online)
- Interview (conducted by another)
- First reference: 1. Richard Nixon, interview by David Frost, Beverley Hills, May 19, 1977.
- Second reference: 5. Nixon, interview.
- Bibliography: Nixon, Richard. Interview by David Frost, Beverley Hills, May 19, 1977.
- Close section
- Interview (conducted by yourself)
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, interview by author, Poppleton University, November 4, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, interview.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. Interview by author. Poppleton University, November 4, 2008.
- Close section
- Journal article
- First reference: 1. Stephen Mossman, "The scribes for women's convents in late medieval Germany," English Historical Review 125, no. 517 (2010): 1508.
- Second reference: 5. Mossman, "Scribes for women's convents," 1507.
- Bibliography: Mossman, Stephen. "The scribes for women's convents in late medieval Germany." English Historical Review 125, no. 517 (2010): 1507-1508.
- Close section
- Journal article (if only available electronically)
- First reference: 1. Alison Chapman, "Revolutionizing Elizabeth Barrett Browning: a review of the complete works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning," Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 1 (2011): 1, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8277083&fulltextType=RV&fileId=S1060150311000180 [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Chapman, "Revolutionizing Elizabeth Barrett Browning."
- Bibliography: Chapman, Alison. "Revolutionizing Elizabeth Barrett Browning: a review of the complete works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning." Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 1 (2011): 1-7. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8277083&fulltextType=RV&fileId=S1060150311000180 [accessed July 11, 2011].
- Close section
- Lecture
- First reference: 1. Henrice Altink, "Slave economy and material culture" (lecture, University of York, February 7, 2011).
- Second reference: 5. Altink, "Slave economy and material culture."
- Bibliography: Altink, Henrice. "Slave economy and material culture." Lecture, University of York, February 7, 2011.
- Close section
- Lecture notes
- First reference: 1. Henrice Altink, "Slave economy and material culture" (lecture notes, University of York, February 7, 2011).
- Second reference: 5. Altink, "Slave economy and material culture."
- Bibliography: Altink, Henrice. "Slave economy and material culture." Lecture notes, Sugar and Slavery module, University of York, February 7, 2011.
- Close section
- Letter
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, letter to the author, June 4, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, letter.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. Letter to the author. June 4, 2011.
- Close section
- Magazine article
- First reference: 1. Sarah Clarkson, "Wanted: 25 hours in the day," Red Magazine, December, 2008, 92.
- Second reference: 5. Clarkson, "Wanted: 25 hours in the day."
- Bibliography: Clarkson, Sarah. "Wanted: 25 hours in the day." Red Magazine, December, 2008, 91-94.
- Close section
- Microfiche
- First reference: 1. John Brown, Freemason's magazine (London: Early English Newspaper series, 1794), microfiche.
- Second reference: 5. Brown, Freemanson's magazine.
- Bibliography: Brown, John. Freemason's magazine. London: Early English Newspaper series, 1794. Microfiche.
- Close section
- Musical performance (live)
- First reference: 1. Tosca, Opera North, Leeds Grand Theatre, Leeds, February 5, 2009.
- Second reference: 5. Tosca.
- Bibliography: Tosca. Opera North. Leeds Grand Theatre, Leeds, February 5, 2009.
- Close section
- Musical score
- First reference: 1. Giacomo Puccini, Tosca, ed. Mario Parenti (Milan: Ricardi, 1980).
- Second reference: 5. Puccini, Tosca.
- Bibliography: Puccini, Giacomo. Tosca. Ed. Mario Parenti, Milan: Ricardi, 1980.
- Close section
- Newspaper article (with author)
- First reference: 1. Harriet Swain, "The art of doing an assessed assignment," The Guardian: Education supplement, September 23, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Swain, "The art of doing an assessed assignment."
- Bibliography: Swain, Harriet. "The art of doing an assessed assignment." The Guardian: Education supplement, September 23, 2008.
- Close section
- Newspaper article (no author)
- First reference: 1. Daily Telegraph, "Half of Cambridge students admit cheating," October 31, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Daily Telegraph, "Cambridge students."
- Bibliography: Daily Telegraph. "Half of Cambridge students admit cheating." October 31, 2008.
- Close section
- Online video
- First reference: 1. The History Channel, "Voting Rights Bill," History Channel website, http://www.history.com/videos/voting-rights-bill [accessed Jul 6, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. History Channel website, "Voting Rights Bill."
- Bibliography: The History Channel. "Voting Rights Bill." History Channel website. http://www.history.com/videos/voting-rights-bill [accessed Jul 6, 2011].
- Close section
- Painting
- First reference: 1. Claude Monet, The Water-Lily Pond, 1899, National Gallery, London.
- Second reference: 5. Monet, The Water-Lily Pond.
- Bibliography: Monet, Claude. The Water-Lily Pond, 1899. National Gallery: London.
- Close section
- Pamphlet / booklet
- First reference: 1. University of York, Reference with Confidence: The Chicago Style (York: University of York, 2009).
- Second reference: 5. University of York, The Chicago Style.
- Bibliography: University of York, Reference with Confidence: The Chicago Style. York: University of York, 2009.
- Close section
- Patent
- First reference: 1. Suzanne Berberet and Michael Bates, Fitting for plumbing fixture. US Patent D582022. Appl. December 2, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Berberet and Bates, Fitting for plumbing fixture.
- Bibliography: Berberet, Suzanne, and Michael Bates. Fitting for plumbing fixture. US Patent D582022. Appl. December 2, 2008.
- Close section
- Photograph
- First reference: 1. James Jarche, "Miner with Pit Pony," 1931, National Media Museum, Bradford.
- Second reference: 5. Jarche, "Miner with Pit Pony."
- Bibliography: Jarche, James. "Miner with Pit Pony," 1931. National Media Museum, Bradford.
- Close section
- Play (full performance)
- First reference: 1. Spyski!, by Chris Canny and John Nicholson, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, November 13, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Canny and Nicholson, Spyski!
- Bibliography: Spyski! By Chris Canny, and John Nicholson. West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, November 13, 2008.
- Close section
- Play (published)
- First reference: 1. John Marlowe, The White Devil (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
- Second reference: 5. Marlowe, The White Devil.
- Bibliography: Marlowe, John. The White Devil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Close section
- Podcast
- First reference: 1. BBC History Magazine, "1st July 2011," podcast, http://cdn.bbcmagazinesbristol.com/bbchistory/audio/BBC_History_1stJul11.mp3 [accessed 6 July, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. BBC History Magazine, "1st July 2011."
- Bibliography: BBC History Magazine. "1st July 2011." Podcast, http://cdn.bbcmagazinesbristol.com/bbchistory/audio/BBC_History_1stJul11.mp3 [accessed 6 July, 2011].
- Close section
- Poem
- First reference: 1. Rudyard Kipling, "The Story of Uriah," in The Oxford Book of English Verse, ed. Christopher Ricks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 530.
- Second reference: 5. Kipling, "The Story of Uriah."
- Bibliography: Kipling, Rudyard. "The Story of Uriah." In The Oxford Book of English Verse, edited by Christopher Ricks, 530. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Close section
- Qur'an
- First reference: 1. Qur'an 2:34.
- Second reference: 5. Qur'an 2:34.
- Bibliography: [you do not need to include sacred works in the bibliography]
- Close section
- Radio Programme
- First reference: 1. A Good Read, BBC Radio 4 radio broadcast, December 2, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. A Good Read, BBC Radio 4.
- Bibliography: A Good Read. BBC Radio 4 radio broadcast. December 2, 2008.
- Close section
- Review
- First reference: 1. Marina Warner, "Travelling Text: review of The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 nights, by Malcolm Lyons," London Review of Books 30, no. 24 (2008): 15-16.
- Second reference: 5. Warner, "Travelling Text."
- Bibliography: Warner, Marina. "Travelling Text: review of The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 nights, by Malcolm Lyons." London Review of Books 30, no. 24 (2008): 15-16.
- Close section
- Secondary referencing
- First reference: 1. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1965), 11, quoted in Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and the Ideas of the Great Thinkers (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 15.
- Second reference: 5. Smith, quoted in Skousen.
- Bibliography: Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations. New York: Random House, 1965, 11. Quoted in Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and the Ideas of the Great Thinkers. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001, 15.
- Close section
- Sound recording (CD, vinyl, cassette)
- First reference: 1. Take That, The Circus, CD, 2008.
- Second reference: 5. Take That, The Circus.
- Bibliography: Take That. The Circus. CD. 2008.
- Close section
- Statutes of the realm
- First reference: 1. Act of Supremacy, 1534, 26 Hen. 8, c. 1.
- Second reference: 5. Act of Supremacy.
- Bibliography: Act of Supremacy, 1534, 26 Hen. 8, c. 1.
- Close section
- Telephone conversation
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, telephone conversation with the author, June 5, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, telephone conversation.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. Telephone conversation with the author. June 5, 2011.
- Close section
- Text message
- First reference: 1. Ian Johnson, text message to the author, June 5, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. Johnson, text message.
- Bibliography: Johnson, Ian. Text message to the author. June 5, 2011.
- Close section
- Thesis
- First reference: 1. Sarah Sheena, "Shakespeare and England's Empire, 1780-1800" (PhD diss., University of York, 2010), 17-18.
- Second reference: 5. Sheena, "Shakespeare and England's Empire, 1780-1800," 12.
- Bibliography: Sheena, Sarah. "Shakespeare and England's Empire, 1780-1800." PhD diss., University of York, 2010.
- Close section
- TV programme
- First reference: 1. History Cold Case, BBC2 television broadcast, June 30, 2011.
- Second reference: 5. History Cold Case, BBC2.
- Bibliography: History Cold Case. BBC2 television broadcast. June 30, 2011.
- Close section
- Torah
- First reference: 1. Bereshit 11:1.
- Second reference: 5. Bereshit 11:1.
- Bibliography: [you do not need to include sacred works in the bibliography]
- Close section
- Website with author
- First reference: 1. Maev Kennedy, "George Bernard Shaw photographs uncover man behind myth," The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/jul/05/george-bernard-shaw-photographs-exhibitions [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Kennedy, "George Bernard Shaw photographs uncover man behind myth."
- Bibliography: Kennedy, Maev. "George Bernard Shaw photographs uncover man behind myth." The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/jul/05/george-bernard-shaw-photographs-exhibitions [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Close section
- Website with no author
- First reference: 1. Library of Congress, "The South Asian Literary Recordings Project," http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/about.html [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Second reference: 5. Library of Congress, "South Asian Literary Recordings Project."
- Bibliography: Library of Congress. "The South Asian Literary Recordings Project." http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/about.html [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Close section
- Wiki
- First reference: British Literature Wiki, "The Victorian period," http://britlitwiki.wikispaces.com/The+Victorians [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Second reference: British Literature Wiki, "The Victorian period."
- Bibliography: British Literature Wiki. "The Victorian period." http://britlitwiki.wikispaces.com/The+Victorians [accessed July 6, 2011].
- Close section
Last Updated: May 15, 2013
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