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York scientists provide new insights into biomass breakdown

Posted on 6 June 2014

Scientists at the University of York are playing a key role in the quest for a better understanding of how a recently discovered family of enzymes can degrade hard-to-digest biomass into its constituent sugars.

Sunlight to biomass to biofuels (credit: Julia Walton)

The enzymes – lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) – are secreted by both fungi and bacteria and have the ability to ‘chip away’ at cellulose and other intractable materials. This allows cellulosic materials such as plant stems, wood chips and cardboard waste, as well as other tricky polysaccharides such as insect/crustacean shells, to be broken down.

Finding a way of breaking down cellulosic materials into their constituent sugars to allow them to be fermented through to bioethanol is a key aim for second-generation biofuel development.

In a recent article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), an international team of researchers, including Professor Paul Walton and Professor Gideon Davies from York, provided important new information on how LPMOs work.

The team – which included scientists from the United States, Denmark and the UK – carried out a detailed investigation of how the enzymes use oxygen from the air to create a very reactive entity. This oxygen species then chips away at cellulose, allowing the difficult-to-degrade biomass to be broken down.

The on-going York research into LPMOs, which is led by Professor Walton and Professor Davies from the Department of Chemistry, is part of Critical Enzymes for Sustainable Biofuels from Cellulose (CESBIC), a collaborative project funded by the European Research Area Industrial Biotechnology network (ERA-IB).

Professor Walton said: “The ability to ferment cellulose is important as it opens up new possibilities in the production of bioethanol from sustainable sources. Through our collaborative research we are starting to uncover exactly the details of how LPMOs work.”

The recent research published in the PNAS article, builds on work reported earlier this year in Nature Chemical Biology, which was led by York, and involved Professor Bernard Henrissat, of CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. The Nature Chemical Biology article reported on the discovery of an important new family of LPMO able to break down hard-to-digest biomass.  This work is funded by the Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC).

Professor Davies said: “To begin fermenting materials such as wood chips or plant stems, there needs to be a way of breaking into it. The action of an LPMO makes a scratch on the biomass surface which provides an entry point for other enzymes. Understanding how LPMOs work will aid the quest for second generation biofuel production.”

The most recent research reported in PNAS was led by Stanford University, USA. As well as York, it involved Novozymes, Denmark and the University of Hull.

Further information:

  • The paper ‘Spectroscopic and computational insight into the activation of O2 by the mononuclear Cu center in polysaccharide monooxygenases’ is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/05/29/1408115111
  • The paper ‘Discovery and characterization of a new family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases’ is published in Nature Chemical Biology 2014. 10, 122-126
  • ERA-IB is an ERA-NET funded from the European Commission's seventh Framework Programme (FP7).  In the ERA-NET "Towards an ERA in Industrial Biotechnology" partners from 12 different countries joined forces to reduce fragmentation of national research efforts in the area of Industrial Biotechnology (IB) and to achieve sufficient critical mass and better use of scarce resources in this field.  Following on from ERA-IB1 (2006-2011), ERA-IB-2 aims to increase Europe’s competitiveness in Industrial Biotechnology (IB) by providing a platform for long-lasting collaboration and cooperation between national/regional programme owners and managers of a large number of European countries, including new Member States. The UK element of the CESBIC project funding is administered by BBSRC on behalf of ERA-IB
  • BBSRC invests in world-class bioscience research and training on behalf of the UK public. Our aim is to further scientific knowledge, to promote economic growth, wealth and job creation and to improve quality of life in the UK and beyond.
    Funded by Government, and with an annual budget of around £467m (2012-2013), we support research and training in universities and strategically funded institutes. BBSRC research and the people we fund are helping society to meet major challenges, including food security, green energy and healthier, longer lives. Our investments underpin important UK economic sectors, such as farming, food, industrial biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. For more information about BBSRC, please visit www.bbsrc.ac.uk
  • More information about the Department of Chemistry at the University of York, please visit www.york.ac.uk/chemistry

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