Research
Overview
My research in the YCR Cancer Research Unit was focused on the development and aetiology of human prostate cancer. Our overall approach was to separate the tumour (and the corresponding normal tissue) into its cellular components, and to study the role played by different cell types. Of particular interest were the roles played by epithelial stem cells and the hormone-sensitive stromal cells within the tumour and normal prostate. We compiled gene expression profiles for the various cell types using the Affymetrix platform, and mined this data for genes and signalling pathways which affect cell fate. Much of our research was concerned with hypothesis testing, based on the identified genes from this study, using complex multicellular models in vitro and developing xenograft models of the tumour. Clearly fate-altering genes also have therapeutic significance, and in a spin out company (Pro-Cure Therapeutics, founded in 2001) an associated research team are developing novel cancer stem cell treatments, based on the output of the YCR Research. There is a close collaboration between the two groups. As part of an International collaboration, coordinated from York, we are also developing novel biotherapies for prostate cancer, based on targeted and stealthed viral vectors, which allow us to either focus gene expression in specific cells within a tumour, or to engineer viruses to replicate only in tumour cells (oncolytics).
Discoveies
We have shown that heterogeneity within human prostate cancers is due to both carcinogenic changes but also aberrant differentiation, which are two independent events. Current therapies are directed against the majority of cells in the tumour (the most differentiated cells) but do not affect the minority population, which are the tumour initiating cells or cancer stem cells. Thus these cells form a root for post therapy recurrence. By exploiting our gene expression profiling of these cells we have designed potentially novel treatments, which could delay or even prevent tumour recurrence. However we have also shown that the cancer stem cells have an active resistance mechanism to many therapies, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. By exploiting a novel ex vivo human blood loop system we have shown that a powerful complement response can eliminate the therapeutic doses of gene therapy vectors, and that co-inoculation with 2 complement inhibitors can block this effect (not seen in mouse models).
Projects
- In Vitro Models of Human Prostate Carcinoma including Isolation Characterisation of Stem Cells (Funding body: Yorkshire Cancer Research)
- The Molecular Basis of Metastasis in Human Prostate Cancer (Funding body: NCRI/Yorkshire Cancer Research)
- DNA Damage Response in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells (Funding body: Yorkshire Cancer Research)
- Prostate Research Organisations - Network of Early Stage Training (ProNest), Marie Curie (Funding Body: European Union)
- Mapping the Epigenetic Lanscape in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells (Funding Body: The Freemasons Grand Charity/Yorkshire Cancer Research)
- Targeting the PTEN/AKT/m/TOR pathway in human prostate cancer (Funding Body: BBSRC Industrial CASE Studentship with Astra Zeneca)
Publications
Selected publications
Collins AT, Maitland NJ. (2009)
Prostate cancer: Regeneration of interest in the prostate.
Nat Rev Urol. Apr:6 (4) 184-6
Swift, S, Maitland N.J, (2010)
Altered Expression of Neurotensin Receptor is Associated with the Differentiation State of Prostate Cancer Cancer Research 70: 347-356
Burns JE, Walker HF, Schmitz C, Maitland NJ. (2010)
Phenotypic effects of HPV16 E2 protein expression in human keratinocytes
Virology. Jun 5;401(2):314-21
Frame FM, Hager S, Pellacani D, Stower MJ, Walker HF, Burns JE, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Development and limitations of lentivirus vectors as tools for tracking differentiation in prostate epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res. 2010, 316 (19): 3161-71
Muthana, M., Maitland N.J., Giannoudis A., Scott S.D., Fang H.Y., Coffelt S.B., Morrow F.J., Murdoch C., Burton J.L., Cross N., Burke B., Mistry R., Hamdy F., Brown N.J., Georgopolous L., Hoskin P.J., Essand M., and Lewis C.E. (2011) Use of Macrophages to target therapeutic adenovirus to human prostate tumours. Cancer Res. 71(5):1805-1815
Maitland N.J., Magnusson M.K., Kraaj R., Leadley R.M., de Ridder C.M.A., van Weerden W.M. Hoeben R.C. and Lindholm L. A transductionally re-targeted adenovirus vector for virotherapy of Her2/neu expressing prostate cancer. Human Gene Therapy 21 (7): 815-27
