PERIODIIESSAYS

PERIOD II GENERAL:

ESSAYS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Essays

The essay topics and associated bibliographies that follow have been broadly grouped for your convenience under the thematic headings for the various weeks of the taught course. Some essays relate to issues that will have been (or will be) covered only obliquely in lectures or discussions. Likewise some topics straddle different themes and in thinking about any topic you are encouraged to draw upon your wider knowledge of the period; the past does not exist in hermetically sealed containers, but forms rather an infinitely complex and inter-related web.

You are required to write one tutorial essay of 1,500 to 2,000 words to be submitted to your tutor at the discussion group in week 8.

You may choose any essay title from the following list. The essay is about developing skills in terms of organising material effectively and setting out a clear and balanced argument as much as it is about showing how much you know.

week 2	week 3	week 4
week 6	week 7	week 8

Have you read the section headed ‘Essays’ above? If not, do so now!

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 2: PEASANTS AND PATRIARCHIES

The Medieval Family

R.M. Smith, ‘Geographical Diversity in Resort to Marriage’, in P.J.P.Goldberg, ed., Woman is a Worthy Wight*
P.P.A. Biller, ‘Marriage Patterns and Women’s Lives’, in P.J.P.Goldberg, ed., Woman is a Worthy Wight*
P. Ariès, Centuries of Childhood
J. Swanson, Childhood and Childrearing’, Journal of Medieval History 16 (1990)

later medieval England:
P.W. Fleming, Family and Household in Medieval England*
Z. Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish*
B.A. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound
R.M. Smith, ‘Hypothèses sur la Nuptialité’, Annales: ESC 38 (1983)*
P.J.P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle, chs 4, 5*, 8
L.R. Poos, A Rural Society After the Black Death, chs 7*, 9
P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Girls Growing Up’, History Today, 45 (1995)
R.M. Smith, ‘The Manorial Court and the Elderly Tenant’, in L.Pelling and R.M.Smith, eds., Life, Death, and the Elderly

later medieval Tuscany:
C. Klapisch-Zuber, Women, Family and Ritual*
C. Klapisch-Zuber, ‘Women Servants in Florence’, in B.A.Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe
D.B. Rheubottom, ‘“Sisters First”: Betrothal Order and Age at Marriage’, Journal of Family History, 13 (1988)*
D. Herlihy and C. Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and their Families
I. Chabot, ‘Poverty and the Widow’, in J.Henderson, ed., Charity and the Poor

the English aristocracy:
N. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry
K. Mertes, The English Noble Household
H.S. Bennett, The Pastons and Their England
K. Dockray, ‘Why did Fifteenth-Century English Gentry Marry?’, in M.Jones, ed., Gentry and Lesser Nobility*
C.F. Richmond, ‘The Pastons revisited: Marriage and Family’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 58 (1985)*

Essay questions:
How far was the medieval family a distinctive social entity?
How does the Tuscan household of the later Middle Ages compare with the English?
Items marked * are particularly useful for the following:
What do we understand of the making of marriage in the later medieval era?

Population and Economy before the Plague: A Malthusian Crisis?

H.S. Lucas, ‘The Great European Famine’ in E.Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, ii
I. Kershaw, ‘The Great Famine’, Past and Present, 59 (1973)
W.C. Jordan, The Great Famine
M.M. Postan and J.Z. Titow, ‘Heriots and Prices’, Economic History Review, 11 (1959)
N.J.G. Pounds, ‘Overpopulation in France...’, Journal of Social History, 3 (1970), pp.225-47
D. Herlihy, ‘Population ... in Rural Pistoia’, Economic History Review, 18 (1965)
B.M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death
B.F. Harvey, ‘Population Trend 1300-48', Transactions of the Royal Hist. Society, 5th ser., 16 (1966)
L.R. Poos, ‘Essex Evidence’, Economic History Review, 38 (1985)
M.M. Postan, The medieval economy and society. 1972.
M.M. Postan, Essays in medieval agriculture and general problems of the medieval economy.
B.F. Harvey, ‘The population trend in England between 1300 and 1348’ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 16 (1966). 23-42.
B. Campbell, (ed.) Before the Black Death: studies in the ‘crisis’ of the early fourteenth century. Esp. essays by Harvey, Smith and Bailey.
E. Miller and J. Hatcher, Medieval England: rural society and economic change, 1086-1348.
H.E. Hallam, Rural England, 1066-1348.
Z. Razi, Life, marriage and death in a medieval parish: economy, society and demography in Halesowen, 1270-1400.
J.R. Maddicott, ‘The English peasantry and the demands of the Crown, 1294-1341’ Past and Present, supplement 1 (1975). Reprinted in Aston, T.H. (ed.) Landlords, peasants and politics in medieval England.
M. Bailey, ‘The concept of the margin in the medieval English economy’ Economic History Review, 2nd series, 42 (1989).
A.R. Bridbury, ‘Before the Black Death’ Economic History Review, 30 (1977).

Essay questions:
Was there a ‘Malthusian crisis’ before the Black Death?
Is the Postan thesis credible?

Medieval Rural Society

W.Roesener, Peasants in the Middle Ages
M.M.Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society
J.Z.Titow, Medieval Rural Society
E.Miller and J.Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change
G.Duby, Rural Society in the Medieval West
P.Jones, ‘From Manor to Mezzadria’, in N.Rubinstein, ed., Florentine Studies
F.R.H.du Boulay, Germany in the Later Middle Ages, ch. 6
J.Blum, ‘The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe’, American Historical Review, 62 (1957)
+E.LeRoy Ladurie, Montaillou
+N.Z.Davis, The Return of Martin Guerre

for ‘Life on the Manor’:
+Z.Razi, Life, Death, and Marriage in a Medieval Parish
C.C.Dyer, Lords and Peasants in a Medieval Society
W.O.Ault, ‘Some Early Village By-Laws’, English Historical Review, 45 (1930)
J.A.Raftis, Tenure and Mobility
B.A.Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound
+P.D.A.Harvey, A Medieval Oxfordshire Village
R.H.Hilton, The English Peasantry in the later Middle Ages
+M.K.McIntosh, Autonomy and Community: The Manor of Havering
http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm [Wharram Percy deserted medieval village]

women in rural society:
J.M.Bennett, article in J.A.Raftis, ed., Pathways to Medieval Peasants [see also article by Boyle on Montaillou ]
+J.M.Bennett, Women in the Medieval English Countryside
P.J.P.Goldberg, ‘The Public and the Private’, in P.R.Coss and S.Lloyd, eds., Thirteenth Century England III
P.J.P.Goldberg, Women in England, especially ch. v and viii [Manchester Medieval Sources]
H.Graham, ‘“A Woman’s Work...”’ in P.J.P.Goldberg, ed., Woman is a Worthy Wight
S.A.C.Penn, ‘Female Wage-Earners’, Agricultural History Review, 35 (1987)
R.J. Emigh, ‘The gender division of labour: the case of Tuscan smallholders’, Continuity and Change, 15 (2000) [click on PDF file]
C.Klapisch-Zuber, Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy, ch. 3
B.A.Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe, ch. 1 and 2
P.J.P.Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle, pp. 137-49, 243-51
+M.Mate, Daughters, Wives, and Widows after the Black Death
see also Hilton, English Peasantry, ch. 6, Hanawalt and Razi [from previous section]

evolution or revolution:
W. Roesener, Peasants in the Middle Ages
R.H. Hilton, A Medieval Society, pp. 149 ff [also has chapter on peasant women]
R.H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, and Bond Men Made Free
R.H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism
G. Bois The Crisis of Feudalism
J.R.L. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341. Past and Present Supplements, 1. Oxford, 1975
L. Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death
T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate

Essay questions:
‘The horizons of the peasant were bounded by the manor and the will of the lord.’ Discuss.
How far were the lives of peasant women characterised by ‘rough and ready equality’ (Eileen Power) vis-à-vis those of peasant men?
How far can we recreate life in a medieval village? [Discuss with reference to at least two case studies marked ‘+’ above]
‘Changes in the nature of peasant communities and economies in the later Middle Ages were the consequence of evolutionary, not revolutionary, processes.’ Discuss.

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 3: WEALTH AND DEATH

The Black Death

Important introductory materials:
N.J.G. Pounds, An Economic History of Medieval Europe, chapter 10
S.K. Cohn, 'The Black Death: End of a Paradigm', American Historical Review, 117 (2002), pp. 703-38
P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Introduction’, in W.M. Ormrod and P.G. Lindley, eds., The Black Death in England
R.E. Lerner, ‘The Black Death and western European eschatological mentalities’, American Historical Review, 86 (1981)
C. Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages, chapter 5
John Hatcher, ‘The Great Slump of the mid-Fifteenth Century’, in R. Britnell and J. Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England
C. Platt, King Death: The Black Death in England
W.M. Ormrod and P.Lindley, eds., The Black Death In England
J. Hatcher, Plague, Population and the English Economy
E. Carpenter, ‘Autour de la Peste Noire’, Annales: E.S.C., 17 (1962)
D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West

The Economy:
T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, The Brenner Debate
The New Cambridge Medieval History VI, ed. M Jones, chapters 5, 6, 8
The New Cambridge Medieval History VII, ed. C. Allmand, chapters 5, 6, 7
R.H. Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society 1000-1500
J. Day, ‘The Great European Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century’, Past and Present, 79 (1978), 3-54
P. Spufford, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, 11, 15, 16

Culture and Society:
D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West
M. Aston, The Fifteenth Century: The Prospect of Europe
W.J. Courtnay, ‘The effects of the Black Death on English higher education’, Speculum 55 (1980)
D. Williman, ed., The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-century Plague
M. Meiss, Painting in Florence and Sienna after the Black Death
H.W. Van Os, ‘The Black Death and Sienese Painting: a problem in art’, Art History, 4 (1983)
W.M. Ormrod and P. Lindley, eds., The Black Death in England, chapters by Lindley and Harper-Bill
T.S.R. Boase, Death in the Middle Ages
A.M. Campbell, The Black Death and Men of Learning
S. Cohn, The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death
J. Hatcher, ‘England in the Aftermath of the Black Death’, Past and Present 144 (1994)
J.F. Wemple and D.A. Kaiser, ‘Death’s Dance of Women’, Journal of Medieval History, 12 (1985)
W.Bowsky, ‘Impact upon Sienese Government and Society’, Speculum, 39 (1964)
E. Carpentier, Une Ville Devant la Peste: Ovieto

Population:
R. Emery ‘The Black Death in Perpignan’, Speculum, 42 (1967)
W.P. Blockmans, ‘Plague in the Low Countries’, Revue Belgie de Phil. et Hist., 58 (1980)
A.G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence
C. Klapisch-Zuber, Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy, ch. 2
A.R. Bridbury, ‘The Black Death’, Economic History Review, 26 (1973)
R. Lomas, ‘The Black Death in County Durham’, Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989)
J. Hatcher, ‘Mortality in the Fifteenth Century’, Economic History Review, 39 (1986)
J.M.W. Bean, ‘Plague, Population ...’, Economic History Review, 15 (1963)
M.M. Postan, ‘Some Economic Evidence...’, Economic History Review, 2 (1950)
R.S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England
P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Mortality and Economic Change’, Northern History, 24 (1988)
P.J.P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle

Peasant society:
L.R. Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death
M.M. Postan (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, volume I (2nd edition), Chapter 8
S.H. Rigby, English Society in the later Middle Ages, London, 1995.
C. Dyer, Standards of living in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge, 1989.
E.B. Fryde, Peasants and landlords in later medieval England.
T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philipin (eds.) The Brenner debate.
Guy Bois, The crisis of Feudalism: economy and society in eastern Normandy c. 1300-1550. Cambridge, 1984.
R.H. Hilton, Class conflict and the crisis of feudalism.

Essay questions:
How far can we understand the longer term demographic impact of plague?
How were the landlord-peasant relations in Western Europe affected by the demographic and economic consequences of the Black Death?
In what respects did the European economy become more (or less) ‘commercialised’ between 1200 and 1500?
To what extent can late medieval social and cultural development be said to have been determined by the impact of the Black Death?

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 4: CHURCH AND PEOPLE

Orthodox Devotion

General introduction:
A. Vauchez, The laity in the Middle Ages: religious beliefs and devotional practices
R.N. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe
J. Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700, part I
E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, part I
M. Rubin, Corpus Christi
R.N. Swanson, The Church and Society in Medieval England
C.Trinkhaus and H.Oberman, eds., Late Medieval and Renaissance Religion
C.W. Bynum, Fragmentation and Redemption, esp. ch. 6

Parish-based studies:
K.L. French et al., eds., The Parish in English Life, chs 2, 7, 8
S.J. Wright, ed., Parish, Church and People, articles by Rosser and Burgess
B. Moeller, ‘Religious Life’, in G.Strauss, ed., Pre-Reformation Germany
A.F. Johnson, ‘Plays and the Religious Guilds of York’, Speculum 50 (1975)
P.H. Cullum and P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Piety and Charity’, Northern History 29 (1993)
N.P. Tanner, The Church in Late Medieval Norwich
M. Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge
P. Heath, ‘Urban Piety’ in R.B.Dobson, ed., The Church, Politics and Patronage
C. Burgess, ‘Parish Chantries’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (1985)

Religious fraternities and guilds:
J. Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700. (1985) ch 4.
Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (1991) [use index refs. to fraternities]
John Henderson, Piety and Charity in Late Medieval Florence
G. Rosser, ‘Parochial conformity and popular religion in Late Medieval England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, (1991)
M.M. Rubin, ‘Corpus Christi fraternities and late medieval piety’, in W. J. Sheils & D Wood (eds) Voluntary Religion, Studies in Church History, (1986)
B.R. McRee, ‘Religious gilds and the regulation of behaviour in late medieval towns’, in J Rosenthal and C. Richmond (eds) People, Politics and Community in the later Middle Ages (1987) pp 108-22
S. Brigden, ‘Religion and social obligation in 16th-century London’, Past and Present, 103 (1984)
B. Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice (1971)
J. Henderson, ‘Religious fraternities and death in ... Florence’, in P. Denley and C. Elam (eds) Florence and Italy ... in honour of N. Rubinstein (1988)
R.F.W. Weissman, Ritual Brotherhood in Renaissance Florence (1982)
J. Henderson (ed), Charity and the Poor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. (1988)

Other aspects of lay piety:
B.A. Windeatt, ed., The Book of Margery Kempe
R. Wunderli, Peasant Fires
C. Zika, ‘Hosts, Processions ... Germany’, Past and Present 118 (1988)
M.G.A. Vale, ‘Piety, Charity, and Literacy’, Borthwick Paper 50
J. Henderson, Piety and Charity in Late Medieval Florence
P.J.P. Goldberg, ed., Woman is a Worthy Wight [otherwise Women in Medieval English Society] chs by Biller and Cullum
P.H. Cullum, ‘"For Pore People Harberles"...’, in D.J.Clayton et al., eds., Trade, Devotion and Governance

Essay questions:
Can we identify a ‘popular devotion’ in the later Middle Ages?
Were later medieval women more devout than men?
How important was the parish in lay devotional life in the later medieval period?
How did fraternities or gilds contribute to the religious life of the later Middle Ages?

Church, the Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement

R.N. Swanson, Universities, academics and the Great Schism.
D. Hay, Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 1989. Chapter 10
F. Oakley, The western church in the later middle ages. 1979. 23-79, 157-77 and 219-60
B. Smalley, ‘Church and state, 1300-1377: theory and fact’, in J.R. Hale, J.R.L. Highfield and B. Smalley, eds., Europe in the later middle ages, pp. 15-43
M.C.E. Jones, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History. VI, c. 1300 - c. 1415, pp. 65-86, 653-73, 674-96
C.M.D. Crowder, Unity, Heresy and Reform, 1378-1460: The conciliar response to the Great Schism, especially ‘Introduction’, pp. 1-40
W. Ullman, The origins of the Great Schism
J.A.F. Thomson, Popes and Princes, 1417-1517, Parts 1 and 2
D. Hay, The Church in Italy in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 26-48
N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, especially chs 4 and 5
B. Tiernay, The Foundations of Conciliar Theory
J.B. Morrall, Gerson and the Great Schism
A. Black, ‘The political ideas of conciliarism and papalism, 1430-1450', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 20 (1969)
A. Black,’The Conciliar Movement’, in J.H. Burns, ed., The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought
A. Black, Political Thought in Europe, 1250-1450, pp. 69-85

Essay question:
Did the Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement effect any permanent change in the nature and powers of the later medieval papacy?

Heresy and Heretics

General:
D. Hay, Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Chapter 12.
R.W. Southern, Western society and the church in the middle ages
Aston, M. The fifteenth century: the prospect of Europe, Chapter 5.
G. Leff, Heresy in the later middle ages
M. Lambert, Medieval heresy
M. Wilks, Michael. ‘Reformatio regni: Wyclif and Hus as leaders of religious protest movements’ Schism, heresy and religious protest, in Derek Baker, ed., Studies in Church History, 9
G. Leff, ‘Wyclif and Hus: a doctrinal comparison’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, (1968). 387-410.
F. Smahel, ‘‘Doctor evangelicus super omnes evangelistas’: Wyclif’s fortune in Hussite Bohemia’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, (1970), pp. 16-34.

Wycliffe, Lollards and Lollardy:
M. Aston, ‘Lollardy and sedition, 1381-1431’, Past and Present, 17 (1960) R.N. Swanson, Religion and devotion in Europe, c. 1215 - c. 1515, pp. 136-72
J. Bossy, Christianity in the West, 1400-1700, chs 1-3
J. Catto, ‘Dissidents in the age of faith? Wyclif and the Lollards’, History Today, 37 (1987)
A. Kenny, ed., Wyclif in his Times [especially essay by M. Keen, ‘Wyclif, the Bible and transubstantiation’, pp. 1-17]
M. Aston, Lollards and Reformers
A. Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard heresy
K.B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights
S. Justice, Writing and rebellion: England in 1381, pp. 67-101 [‘Wyclif in the rising’]
S. Justice, ‘Lollardy’, in D. Wallace, ed., The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, pp. 662-89
J.A.F. Thomson, ‘Orthodox religion and the origins of Lollardy’, History (1989), pp. 39-55
J.A.F. Thomson, ‘Knightly piety and the margins of Lollardy’, in M. Aston and C. Richmond, eds. Lollards and the Gentry in the later Middle Ages, pp. 95-111.
M. Wilks, ‘Reformatio regni: Wyclif and Hus as leaders of religious protest movements’, Studies in Church History, 9 (1972)
A. Kenny, John Wyclif
G. Leff, ‘John Wycliffe: the path to dissent’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 52
R.G. Davies, ‘Lollardy and locality’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 1 (1991), pp. 191-212.
S. McSheffrey, Gender and Heresy: women and men in Lollard communities, 1420-1530
P. Strohm, England’s Empty Throne: usurpation and the language of legitimation, 1399-1422
A. Hudson, The Premature Reformation
J. Fines, ‘Heresy Trials', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 14 (1963)
M.G. Snape, ‘Lollard Activity ... Durham’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th ser. 39 (1961)
D. Plumb, ‘Rural Lollardy’, Studies in Church History 23
A. Kenny, ed., Wyclif in his times

Hus and the Hussites:
D. Hay, Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 1966. Chapter 12.
M. Lambert, Medieval heresy. 1977.
M. Spinka, John Hus.
M. Spinka, John Hus and the Czech reform.
H. Kaminsky, A history of the Hussite revolution. 1967.
F. Heymann, John Zizka and the Hussite revolution.
F. Heymann, George of Bohemia.
R.R. Betts, Essays in Czech history.
J. Macek, The Hussite movement in Bohemia.
M. Wilks, ‘Reformatio regni: Wyclif and Hus as leaders of religious protest movements’ Studies in church history, 9 (1972).
Pawel Kras, ‘Hussitism and the Polish nobility’, in M. Aston and C. Richmond, eds., Lollardy and the gentry in the later middle ages, pp. 183-98.
H. Kaminsky, A history of the Hussite revolution
F.M. Bartos, The Hussite revolution (1424-37)

Essay questions:
Account for the spread of Lollardy outside Oxford.
How far were Lollardy and Hussitism subversive movements?
To what extent were the fates of heretical movements in the later Middle Ages determined by the actions of church and state rather than their own nature?

The Reformation

General:
Euan Cameron, The European Reformation
J. Bossy, Christianity in the West, 1400 - 1700
S.E. Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250 - 1550, (1980) [Ozment’s more recent Protestants is recommended as a good argument]
A.N. Galpern, The religions of the people in 16th-century Champagne, (1976)

The German Reformation:
B. Moeller, ‘Religious life in germany on the eve of the Reformation’, in G. Strauss, ed., Pre-Reformation Germany
D.A. Olfis, ‘Tensions between clergy and laity: German cities in the later middle ages’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 43 (1992)
R.W. Scribner, The German Reformation (1986), esp. pp. 17 ff
H.J. Cohn, ‘Anti-clericalism in the German peasants war’, Past and Present, 83 (1979)
S.E. Ozment, Reformation in the Cities, (1975)
R.W. Scribner, The German Reformation
R.W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk
L. Roper, The Holy Household
G. Yule, ‘The Piety and Theology of Martin Luther’, Studies in Church History, 17 (1981)
R.Po-Chia Psia, ed., The German People and the Reformation

The English Reformation:
C. Haigh, The English Reformations
C. Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised
J.J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People
E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, part I
S. Brigden, London and the Reformation
N.P. Tanner, Religion in late medieval Norwich, 1370 - 1520, (1984)
R. Whiting, The Blind Devotion of the People
W.J. Sheils, The English Reformation 1530-1570 [an outline plus useful documents]
E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars
A.G. Dickens, The English Reformation
M. Bowker, The Henrician Reformation: The Diocese of Lincoln
D.M. Palliser, The Reformation in York 1534-1553, Borthwick Paper 40
C.S.L. Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace’, in A.Fletcher and J.Stevenson, eds., Order and Disorder in Early Modern England
M.C. Cross, ‘Monasticism and Society’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 58 (1988)

Essay questions:
How far was the Reformation an urban phenomenon?
How far was the Reformation popular?
To whom did reformed ideology appeal and what was that appeal?

week 2	week 3	week 4
week 6	week 7	week 8

Please ensure you have read the section headed ‘Essays’ above.

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 6: CITIES, CITIZENS AND CIVILISATION

Gilds and the economy

Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and communities, chs 3 and 6
A. Black, Guilds and civil society from the 12th century to the present day (1984)
R. Mackenney, Tradesmen and Traders: the World of the Guilds in Venice and Europe 1250-1650 (1987)
S. Epstein, Wage Labour and Guilds in Medieval Europe
H. Swanson, Medieval Artisans (1989) or eadem, ‘The illusion of economic structure’, Past and Present, 121 (1988)
Gervase Rosser, ‘Crafts, gilds and the negotiation of work in the medieval town’, Past and Present, 154 (1997)
Tom Scott, Freiburg and the Breisgau (1986), esp. part 3 and [use index refs. to gilds]
B.A. Hanawalt, Women and work in preindustrial Europe (1986)
P.J.P. Goldberg, Women, Work and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy (1992), pp. 33-5, ch 2
esp. pp. 76-8, 104-137 and 324ff
J. Cuvillier, ‘Economic taxation and social mobility in the German towns in the late middle ages’, Journal European Economic History, 15 (1986)
Hibbert, ‘The economic policies of towns’ in The Cambridge Economic History, vol 3

Essay question:
What role did creft guilds play in regulating trade in towns?

Popular Revolt

Towns and to urban unrest:
R.H. Hilton, English and French towns in Feudal Society.
S.H. Rigby, English society in the later Middle Ages: class, status and gender, esp. ch. 4.
D. Nicholas, The later medieval city 1300-1500, (1997) esp. Ch 9 and its bibliography
Francis X. Newman, Social Unrest in the late middle ages, (1990)
P. Wolff, ‘The 1381 pogrom in Spain: social crisis or not?’ Past and Present, 50 (1971)
A. Prescott, ‘The revolt in London in 1381’, London Journal, 7 (1981)
R.H. Hilton and T.H. Aston (eds), The English Rising of 1381, essays by Dobson, Butcher, Cohn
W.M. Bowsky, A medieval Italian commune: Siena under the Nine
L. Martines (ed), Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities 1200-1500 (1973)
B. Geremek, The margins of society in later medieval Paris, (1987)
N. Rubinstein ed., Florentine Studies
G.A. Brucker, Florentine Politics and Society, or his ‘Arti Minori’, Medieval Studies, 18 (1956)
V.I. Rutenberg, ‘The Ciompi’ - departmental translation collection - the most detailed account.
F.R.H. DuBoulay, Germany in the later Middle Ages (1983), ch. 5
R.A. Rotz, ‘Investigating urban uprisings with examples from the Hanseatic towns, 1374-1416’, in W.C. Jordan et al. eds., Order and Innovationin the Middle Ages
T. Scott, Freiburg and the Breisgau, esp. part 3.

‘Peasant’ revolts:
R.W. Kaeuper, War, justice and public order: England and France in the later middle ages. Oxford, 1988.
R.B. Dobson ed., The Peasants Revolt of 1381. London, 1983.
R.H. Hilton, Bond men made free: medieval peasant movement and the English rising of 1381. 1973.
R.H. Hilton, Class conflict and the crisis of feudalism.
E.B. Fryde, Essays in medieval trade and finance. Chapter 1.
M. Mollat and P. Wolff, The popular revolutions of the later middle ages. 1973.
R.H. Hilton and T. Aston eds, The English Rising of 1381. Cambridge, 1984. Esp. essays by Cazelles, Dyer, Faith.
P.S. Lewis, Later medieval France: the polity. London, 1968, pp. 264-89.
D.M. Besson, ‘The Jacquerie: class war or co-opted rebellion?’, Journal of Medieval History, 11 (1985).
M. Mollat, The poor in the middle ages, Chapter 10.
Steven Justice, Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381. Berkley, 1994.
J.R. Maddicott, ‘Poems of social protest in early fourteenth-century England’, in W.M. Ormrod ed., England in the fourteenth century, pp. 130-44.
Nicholas Brooks, ‘The organisation and achievements of the peasants of Kent and Essex in 1381’, in H. Mayr-Harting and R.I. Moore eds, Studies in medieval history presented to R.H.C. Davis. London, 1985, pp. 247-70.

Essay questions:
What similarities and contrasts do you draw between the French Jacquerie of 1358 and the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381?
Who revolted in 1381 and why?
Is it possible to find a common cause for urban unrest in later medieval Europe?

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 7: MONARCHIES, STATE AND NATION

Later Medieval Monarchy:

General:
B. Guenée, States and Rulers in later medieval Europe, esp. Chapter 4.
Anthony Black, Political thought in Europe, 1250-1450. Cambridge, 1992. 136-161.
Robert Descimon, ‘Power elites and the prince: the state as enterprise’, in W. Reinhard, ed., Power Elites and State Building, Oxford, 1996 pp. 101-21.
W.M. Ormrod, ‘The West European Monarchies in the Later Middle Ages’, in R. Bonney, ed. Economic Systems and State Finance
Jean Dunbabin, ‘Government’ in J.H. Burns, ed., Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350 - c.1450, Cambridge, 1988. pp. 477-519.
Harriss, G.L. ‘The king and his subjects’, in R. Horrox, ed., Fifteenth Century Attitudes: perceptions of society in late medieval England, Cambridge, 1994. pp. 13-28.

Edward III:
A. Tuck, Crown and nobility, 1272-1461, 1985. pp. 102-74.
W.M. Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III. London, 1990.
Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards, 1272-1377. London, 1980. Chapters 4-10.
Scott Waugh, England in the reign of Edward III. Cambridge, 1991.
W.M. Ormrod, ‘Edward III and the recovery of royal authority in England, 1340-60’, History, 72 (1987).
W.M. Ormrod, ‘Edward III and his family’ Journal of British studies, 26 (1987). 398-422.
D.A.L. Morgan, ‘The political after-life of Edward III: the apotheosis of a warmonger’, English Historical Review, 112 (1997), pp. 856-81.

Charles VII:
M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII. London, 1974.
P.S. Lewis, Later medieval France: the polity. London, 1968. pp. 78-166.
E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War. London, 1951. pp. 249-332.
Cuttler, S.H. ‘Treason and the crown 1422-1461’ The law of treason and treason trials in later medieval France. Cambridge, 1981. 195-212.
Little, R. The Parlement of Poitiers: war, government and politics in France, 1418-36. 1984. 170-214.

Other monarchs:
Hallam, Elizabeth. ‘Royal burial and the cult of kingship in England and France, 1066-1300’ Journal of Medieval History, 8 (1982). 359-80.
Bloch, Marc. The royal touch. New York, 1961.
Barlow, Frank. ‘The king’s evil’ English Historical Review, 95 (1980). 3-27.
Loomis, R.S. ‘Edward I, Arthurian enthusiast’, Speculum, 28 (1953)
Prestwich, M. ‘The piety of Edward I’ England in the thirteenth century: proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium. Ed. W.M. Ormrod.
Vale, J. Edward III and chivalry.
Saul, N. Richard II. Yale, 1997. Esp. chapter 14.
Haines, R.M. ‘”Our master mariner, our sovereign lord”: a contemporary preacher’s view of Henry V’ Medieval studies, 38 (1976).
Lewis, P.S. (ed.) Essays in later medieval France history. Chapters 13, 14 and 16.
McKenna, John W. ‘Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy: aspects of royal political propaganda, 1422-1432’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 28 (1965). 145-62.
Hallam, E.M. ‘Philip the Fair and the cult of St. Louis’, Studies in Church History, 18 (1982).
Sherman, C.R. ‘Representations of Charles V of France as a wise ruler’ Medievalia et humanistica, new series, 2 (1971).
Ormrod, W.M. ‘The domestic response to the Hundred Years War ‘ Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Ed. A. Curry and M. Hughes. 1994. 83-101.

The Cult of Monarchy:
L.K. Born, ‘The perfect prince’, Speculum 3 (1928)
B. Guenée, States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe, esp. pp. 66-88
J.H. Burns, ed., The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, pp. 464-9
B. Guenée, States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe
E.M. Hallam, ‘Royal burial and the cult of kingship in France and England, 1060-1330', Journal of Medieval History 8 (1982)
W.M. Ormrod, ‘The personal religion of Edward III’, Speculum 64 (1989)
R.M. Haines, ‘“Our master mariner, our sovereign lord”: a contemporary preacher’s view of Henry V’, Mediaeval Studies, 38 (1976)
P.S. Lewis, Essays in Later Medieval French History, chapters 13, 14, 16
E.M. Hallam, ‘Philip the Fair and the cult of St Louis’, Studies in Church History, 18 (1982)
E.A.R. Brown, ‘The ceremonial of royal succession in Capetian France: the funeral of Philip V’, Speculum 55 (1980)
C.R. Sherman, ‘Representations of Charles V of France as a wise ruler’, Medievalia et Humanistica, new series 2 (1971)

The Limitations of Royal Government:
J.R. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State
R.W. Kaeuper, War, Justice and Public Order
J.R. Lander, The Limitations of English Monarchy in the Later Middle Ages
J.H. Burns, ed. The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, chapter 16 [by J. Dunbabin]
M.T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1307
G.L. Harriss, ‘War and the emergence of the English parliament’, Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976)
G.L. Harriss, ‘Political society and the growth of government in late medieval England’, Past and Present 138 (1993)
P.S. Lewis, Later Medieval France, chapter 2, 4, 5
T.N. Bisson, The Medieval Crown of Aragon
P. Rycraft, ‘The Court and the Regions in Later Medieval Catalonia’, in S. Rees Jones, R. Marks and A.J. Minnis, eds., Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe

Essay questions:
Compare how far Edward III and Charles VII lived up to contemparary ideals of monarchy?
For what reasons, by what means and with what results did the kings of England and France promote the cult of monarchy in the late middle ages?
What were the conceptual and practical limitations on the extent and effectiveness of royal government in later medieval Europe?

The Idea of Nation

B. Guenée, States and rulers in later medieval Europe. 1985. Chapter 3 and pages 216-221.
Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and communities in western Europe 900-1300, Chapter 8.
J. Huizinga, ‘Patriotism and nationalism in European history’ Men and ideas. New York, 1959.
H. Kohn, The idea of nationalism.
J. Barnie, War in medieval society.
R. Bean, ‘War and the birth of the nation state’ Journal of economic history, 33 (1973).
Gabrielle M.Spiegel, ‘"Defence of the realm": evolution of a Capetian propaganda slogan’, Journal of medieval history, 3 (1977).
A. Gransden, ‘Propaganda in medieval English historiography’ Journal of Medieval History, 1 (1975).
J.R. Hale, ‘War and public opinion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries’ Past and Present, 22 (1962).
J.A.F. Thomson, Popes and princes, 1417-1517. Chapter 2.
P.S. Lewis, ‘War propaganda and historiography in fifteenth-century France and England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 15 (1965), pp. 1-21.
P.S. Lewis, Later medieval France: the polity, pp. 1-13 and 59-77.
W.R. Jones, ‘The English church and royal propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Journal of British Studies, 19 (1979)

Essay question:
Did national identity have any reality or relevance in late medieval Europe?

Representative Assemblies

Representative Assemblies in Europe:
A.R. Myers, Parliaments and estates in Europe to 1789. 1975. Chapter 3.
B. Guenée, States and rulers in later medieval Europe. 1985. Chapter 11.
W. Blockmans, ‘A typology of representative institutions in late medieval Europe’, Journal of Medieval History, (1978), pp. 189-215.
P.S. Lewis, ‘The failure of the French medieval estates’ Past and Present, 23 (1962), pp. 3-24.
P.S. Lewis, ed., Essays in later medieval history, pp. 127-49.
J. Major, Representative institutions in Renaissance France, 1421-1559, pp. 1-51.
F.L. Carsten, Princes and parliaments in Germany from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, pp. 191-201, 258-69 and 348-57.
H. Cohn, The government of the Rhine Palatinate in the fifteenth century. 1965. 189-202.
M. Burleigh, Prussian society and the German Order, 1440-1466. 1984. Chapter 5.
P. Rycraft, ‘The role of the Catalan Corts in the later middle ages’ English Historical Review, (1974), pp. 241-69.
A. Ryder, The kingdom of Naples under Alfonso the Magnanimous, pp. 124-35.

The English Parliament:
A.L. Brown, The governance of late medieval England. 1989. 177-206.
W.M. Ormrod, Political life in England, 1300-1450. 1995. 18-38.
R.G. Davies and J.H. Denton, eds., The English parliament in the middle ages, pp. 109-40.
G.A. Holmes, The Good Parliament. Oxford, 1975.
G.L. Harriss, ‘The king and his subjects’, in R. Horrox, ed., Fifteenth century attitudes: perceptions of society in late medieval England., pp. 13-28.
G.L. Harriss, ‘The management of parliament’ Henry V: the practice of kingship. Ed. G.L. Harriss. Oxford, pp. 137-158.
G.L. Harriss, ‘War and the emergence of the English parliament’, Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), pp. 35-56.
J.R. Maddicott, ‘The county community and the making of public opinion in fourteenth century England’, Transactions of the royal Historical Society, 5th series, 28 (1978), pp. 27-43.
Linda Clark, ‘Magnates and their affinities in the parliaments of 1386-1421’, in R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard, eds., The McFarlane legacy: studies in late medieval politics and society, pp. 127-53.
J.G. Edwards, The Commons in medieval English parliaments. 1958.
J.G. Edwards, The second century of the English parliament. 1979.
C. Given-Wilson, ‘The king and gentry in fourteenth-century England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 37 (1987, pp. 87-102.
K.N. Houghton, ‘Theory and practice in borough elections to parliament during the later fifteenth century’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 39 (1966), pp. 130-40.
K.B. McFarlane, ‘Parliament and bastard feudalism’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, 26 (1944).
S.J. Payling, ‘The widening franchise’ England in the fifteenth century. Ed. D. Williams. 1987.
J.S. Roskell, The Commons in the Parliament of 1422. 1954.
R. Virgoe, ‘Three Suffolk parliamentary elections of the mid-fifteenth century’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 39 (1966), pp. 185-96.

Essay questions:
Whose interests were best represented in the Parliaments of later medieval England?
How far did the success or failure of representative assemblies in this period depend on the extent of their powers over taxation?

The State

B. Guenée, States and rulers in later medieval Europe, pp. 32-66.
B. Guenée, ‘The history of the state in France at the end of the middle ages, as seen by French historians’, in P.S. Lewis, ed., The recovery of France in the fifteenth century, pp. 324-51.
J.R. Strayer, On the medieval origins of the modern state. 1970. 57-88.
F.L. Cheyette, ‘The invention of the state’, in B. Lackner and R. Philip, eds., Essays on medieval civilisation, pp. 143-78.
J-P. Genet, ‘Which state rises?’, Historical research, 155 (1992), pp. 119-33.
A. Black, Political thought in Europe, 1250-1450. Cambridge, 1992.
R. Bean, ‘War and the birth of the nation state’ Journal of economic history, 33 (1973).
P.S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: the polity. London, 1968.
J.A. Maravall, ‘The origins of the modern state’ Cahiers d’histoire mondiale, (1950). 789-808.
M. Jones, ‘The late medieval state and social change: a view from the duchy of Brittany’, in N. Bulst, R. Descimon and A. Guerreau, ed., L’état ou le roi: les fondations de la modernité monarchique en France (XIVe-XVIIe siècles), pp. 117-44.
P.J. Jones, ‘Communes and despots: the city-state in late medieval Italy’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 15 (1965), pp. 85-94.
Julius Kirshner, ed., Origins of the state in Italy, 1300-1600, pp. 1-10, 11-33, 34-61, 62-73
H. Spruyt, The sovereign state and its competitors. 1994. 153-180.
Charles Tilly, ‘Entanglements of cities and states’, in Charles Tilly and Wim P. Blockmans, eds., Cities and the rise of the states in Europe, A.D. 1000 to 1800, pp. 1-27.
Hillay Zmora, ‘Princely state-making and the ‘crisis of the aristocracy’ in late medieval Germany’, Past and Present, 153 (1996), pp. 37-63.

Essay question:
Were there states in the West in the late middle ages?

Law and Order

J.G. Bellamy, Crime and public order in the later middle ages. 1973.
A. Musson and W.M. Ormrod, The evolution of English justice: law, politics and society in the fourteenth century. Basingstoke, 1998.
E. Powell, Kingship, law and society : criminal justice in the reign of Henry V. Oxford, 1989.
E. Powell, ‘The restoration of law and order’, in G.L. Harriss, ed., Henry V: the practice of kingship, pp. 53-74.
R.W. Kaeuper, War, justice and public order: England and France in the later middle ages. Oxford, 1988.
G.L. Harriss, ‘Political society and the growth of government in later medieval England’ Past and Present, 138 (1993), pp. 28-57.
W.M. Ormrod, Political life in medieval England, 1300-1450. 1995. 109-29.
E. Powell, ‘Law and Justice’ Fifteenth-century attitudes. Ed. R. Horrox. Cambridge, 1994.
A. Harding, The law courts of medieval England. Especially chapter 3.
J.R. Maddicott, Law and lordship: royal justices as retainers
R.W. Kaeuper, ‘Law and order in fourteenth century England : the evidence of special commissions of oyer and terminer’ Speculum, 54 (1979)
N. Saul, Knights and esquires: the Gloucestershire gentry in the fourteenth century. 1980. Chapter 5.
S.J. Payling, Political society in Lancastrian England. 1991. Chapter 7.
S. Wright, The Derbyshire gentry in the fifteenth century. 1983. Chapter 9.
A. Smith, ‘Litigation and politics: Sir John Fastolf’s defence of his English property’, in A.J. Pollard, ed., Property and politics: essays in later medieval English history, pp. 59-75.
S.J. Payling, ‘Murder, motive and punishment in fifteenth-century England: two gentry case studies’ English Historical Review, 113 (1998). 1-17.
P. Maddern, Violence and social order: East Anglia, 1422-1442. Oxford, 1992.

Essay questions:
Why was complaint about lawlessness so widespread in medieval England?

ESSAYS RELATING TO WEEK 8: CHIVALRY AND WARFARE

The Hundred Years War

E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War. London, 1951.
C. Allmand, The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300 - c. 1450
A. Curry, The Hundred Years War
J.J.N. Palmer, ‘The war aims of the protagonists and the negotiations for peace’, in K.A. Fowler, ed., The Hundred Years War, pp. 51-74
W.M. Ormrod, ‘The domestic response to the Hundred Years War’, in A. Curry and M. Hughes, eds., Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War, pp. 83-101
M.H. Keen, ‘The end of the Hundred Years War: Lancastrian France and Lancastrian England’, in M. Jones and M. Vale, eds., England and her Neighbours, 1066-1453: essays in honour of Pierre Chaplais
M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII
Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism
K. DeVries, ‘A woman as leader of men: Joan of Arc’s military career’, in B. Wheeler and C.T. Wood, eds., Fresh verdicts on Joan of Arc, pp. 3-18
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages
A. Curry, ‘English armies in the fifteenth century’, in A. Curry and M. Hughes, eds., Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War

Joan of Arc:
Régine Pernoud, Joan of Arc by herself and her witnesses. Trans. Edward Hyams. New York, 1968.
Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism. London, 1981.
B. Wheeler and C.T. Wood eds., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc. New York, 1996.
K. DeVries, Joan of Arc: A military leader. Stroud, 1999.
Roger G. Little, ‘The Parlement, the seige of Orléans and Joan of Arc (c. 1429-1431)’, in The Parlement of Poitiers: war, government and politics in France, 1418-1436. London, 1984, pp. 90-123.
M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII. London, 1974.
Charles T. Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints and Government in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1988, pp. 119-51.
Christine de Pisan, ‘Le ditié de Jeanne d’Arc’, Nottingham medieval studies, (1974) and (1975).

Essay questions:
Why did France win the Hundred Years War?
How much of a threat did Joan of Arc pose, and to whom?

Chivalry

J. de Q. Adams, ‘Modern views of medieval chivalry’, in H. Chickering and T.H. Seiler, eds., The Study of Chivalry: resources and approaches, pp. 41-89.
J. Huizinga, ‘The political and military significance of chivalric ideas in the late middle ages’, in Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, pp. 196-206
M.H. Keen, Chivalry
M.G.A. Vale, War and Chivalry: warfare and aristocratic culture in England, France and Burgundy
M.H. Keen, Nobles, Knights and the Man-at-Arms
J. Vale, Edward III and Chivalry: chivalric society and its context, 1270-1350, esp. chapter 2
R. and J. Barber, Tournaments: jousts, chivalry and pageants in the middle ages
H. Collins, ‘The Order of the Garter, 1348-1461: chivalry and politics in later medieval England’, in D. Dunn, ed., Courts, Counties and Capitals in the later Middle Ages, pp. 155-80.
R.W. Kaeuper, ‘Chivalry, the state and public order’ in War, Justice and Public order: England and France in the later Middle Ages, pp. 184-268.
R.W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in medieval Europe
A. Ayton, ‘Knights, esquires and military service: the evidence of armorial cases before the Court of Chivalry’, in A. Ayton and J.L. Price, eds., The medieval military revolution: state, society and military change in medieval and early modern Europe, pp. 81-104.
C. Allmand, The Hundred Years War. 1988. Chapters 3 and 4.
R. Vaughan, Valois Burgundy. 1975. 123-62.
M. Mallet, Mercenaries and their masters: warfare in Renaissance Italy. 1974.
C.C. Bayley, Warfare and society in Renaissance Florence. 1961, pp. 3-58.
A. Ryder, The kingdom of Naples under Alfonso the Magnanimous. 1976, Chapter 8.
P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages. 1984, pp. 284-92.
M.T. Reynolds, ‘René of Anjou, king of Sicily, and the Order of the Croissant’ Journal of Medieval History, (1993), pp. 125-161.
S. Anglo ed., Chivalry in the Renaissance. 1990, pp. 25-47 and 77-91.

Essay questions:
Assess the relative importance of military and political influences on chivalric theory and practice in this period.
Who defined chivalry in the late middle ages?
Did late medieval armies live up to the standards of chivalry?
Was chivalry anything more than an outdated façade by the late middle ages?

Bastard feudalism

W.M. Ormrod, Political life in medieval England, 1300-1450. 1995. 109-29.
K.B. McFarlane, The nobility of later medieval England. Oxford, 1973.
K.B. McFarlane, England in the fifteenth century. 1981.
P.R. Coss, ‘Bastard feudalism revised’ Past and Present, 125 (1989).
M.A. Hicks, Bastard feudalism. 1995.
R. Horrox, ‘Service’, in eadem, Fifteenth-century attitudes. Cambridge, 1994.
G.A. Holmes, The estates of the higher nobility in fourteenth century England. Oxford, 1957.
T.B. Pugh, ‘The magnates, knights and gentry’, in S.B. Chrimes, ed., Fifteenth century England 1399-1509: studies in politics and society, pp. 86-128.
C. Given-Wilson, The English nobility in the late middle ages
J.M.W. Bean, From lord to patron: lordship in late medieval England. 1989.
M. Cherry, ‘The Courtenay earls of Devon: the formation and disintegration of a late medieval aristocratic family’ Southern history, 1 (1979). 71-98.
C. Carpenter, ‘The Beauchamp affinity: a study of bastard feudalism at work’ English historical review, 95 (1980). 514-32.
S. Walker, The Lancastrian affinity, 1361-1399. Oxford, 1990. Especially chapter 7.
I. Rowney, ‘Government and patronage in the fifteenth century: Staffordshire, 1439-59’ Midland history, 8 (1983). 49-69.
C. Given-Wilson, ‘The king and gentry in fourteenth-century England’ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 37 (1987). 87-102.
S. Adams, ‘Baronial contexts? Continuity and change in the noble affinity, 1400-1600’, in J.L. Watts, ed., The end of the middle ages? England in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, pp. 155-97.
P.S. Lewis, ‘Reflections on the role of royal clientèles in the construction of the French monarchy (mid-XIVth/end-XVth centuries)’, in N. Bulst, R. Descimon and A. Guerreau, eds., L’état ou le roi: les fondations de la modernité monarchique en France (XIVe-XVIIe siècles), pp. 51-67.

Essay question:
‘An attempt by the traditional leaders of society to contain the increasingly diversifying gentry classes within the old traditions of lordship and chivalry’. Discuss this description of ‘bastard feudalism’.

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