Profile

Biography

David Raffaelli was appointed to a chair in Environment in February 2001 and was Head of Department between 2004 and 2010. Dave is also Director of UKPopNet, a collaborative NERC Centre (co-funded by NE) focussed on science for sustainable landscapes and livelihoods and he has recently finished a 5-year period as Director of the NERC DIVERSITAS international, inter-disciplinary project office bioSUSTAINABILITY, concerned with developing the science of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, in particular exploring the science-policy interface. He has worked extensively on the relationships between biodiversity, and ecosystem services and functioning, funded mainly by NERC and Defra, is a member of the Global Biodiversity Sub-Committee of the GECC, and has served on several UKBRAG working groups. His work with NERC includes a board member of NERC Science and Innovation Strategy Board (SISB), Chair of NERC’s Services & Facilities Review Group. In recent years he has been a journal editor (Journal of Animal Ecology), council member and vice-president of the British Ecological Society.

Please note that Dave's office has moved - he is now in V/X/129 in Grimston House

Research

Overview

David Raffaelli has broad interests in food web, community and ecosystem ecology, in marine, freshwater and terrestrial systems. These include marine food web dynamics; the relationships between catchment land-use, water quality and impacts on coastal receiving systems; the application of manipulative field experiments to large-scale conservation and management issues, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services; the influence of species body-size in community dynamics; the issues of communication in environmental debate; inter-disciplinary approaches to environmental management. He enjoys collaborative, multidisciplinary projects, working extensively with other European colleagues and in North America, New Zealand and Australia.

Current projects

Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

Species losses have increased dramatically world-wide over the last 50 years, but the consequences of these losses for the functioning of ecological systems are poorly understood. To date, much of the research surrounding this issue has been terrestrial and plant-based, but marine benthic systems offer great opportunities for this research area. The marine benthic environment covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and is the site of important biogeochemical fluxes (N,P) between the sediment and overlying water column. Experimental manipulation of invertebrate species richness in controlled mesocosms and the field have indicated that the effects of biodiversity on these fluxes are idiosyncratic, depending greatly on the identity of the species as well as on the water flow regime, and that there is no clear relationship between function and richness per se. Recently, this work has been extended to explore the effects of heterogeneity and of ocean acidification on these relationships.

Ecosystem Health and the sustained delivery of ecosystem services

Healthy ecosystems are those which whose underlying natural and social capital allow them to continue to deliver the range of ecosystem services on which society depends. Our group has been involved in devising tools and techniques for assessing and monitoring the ecological, environmental and social dimensions of an ecosystem, so that stakeholders and practitioners are able to make informed choices between competing land management policies. Such tools will be central to the implementation of an Ecosystems Approach to environmental management (Defra, 2007: Securing a healthy natural environment: an action plan for embedding an ecosystems approach).

Catchment processes

The long history of research on one particular estuary food web, the Ythan, Aberdeenshire Scotland, and its catchment has permitted a rigorous analysis of changes in ecological and environmental parameters relevant to eutrophication (nutrient enrichment). These include trends in catchment land-use, nutrients in river water, algal mats (Ulva), mudflat invertebrate populations and shorebirds. Analyses of these trends have allowed formulation of specific hypotheses concerning possible interactions between the different factors and these have been tested experimentally. The effects on water quality of changes in land-use and numbers of herbivorous wildfowl roosting on coastal lochs have also been evaluated for the Loch of Harray, Orkney and the Loch of Strathbeg, Aberdeenshire. The value of this work has recently been recognised within the context of the designation of Nitrogen Vulnerable Zones under the EC Nitrates Directive, and has become a test-bed for the implementation of management policy and its socio-economic consequences, as well as restoration and remediation techniques. The current focus on this system is the application of Discourse Analysis and related techniques from the social sciences to understand the dynamics of stakeholder dialogue in the NVZ debate and its eventual effects on policy formulation.

Food web dynamics

Over the last 15 years, Dave Raffaelli's research has focussed on the dynamics of food webs. This is a long-term project based mainly on coastal systems, particularly estuaries. The small scale of these systems offers opportunities for the formal description of web structure and for experimental manipulation of the component species, mainly shorebirds, fish and epibenthic crustaceans. This has allowed testing of current theory about food web patterns and the importance of predation in organising communities.

Grants

2010-2012	Valuing Biodiversity Network, joint with Ian Bateman, Steve Albon, Georgina Mace, Andrew Balmford, Roy Haines-Young and Rosie Hales (NERC, £750K)
2010-2011	Whole Decision Network Analysis for Coastal Ecosystems, joint with John Forrester, Samarthia Thankappan, Caz Snell, et al. (ESPA £170K)
2010	An Ecosystem Approach to Regional Management, joint with Piran White (Yorkshire Forward, £22K)
2009	Valuation of Biodiversity, joint with Jim Smart, Mette Termansen (Leeds) and Melanie Austin (Plymouth), (NERC £27K)
2005-2010	UKPopNet, multi-institutional, Raffaelli Director, many PIs (NERC Total award administered by Directorate at York c. £4M)
2007-2010	Uncertainty, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.  Joint with Martin Solan (Aberdeen), David Patterson (St. Andrews) and Piran White (NERC £400K)
2007	England's Ecosystem Services (Defra £21K)
2006-2007	The decision-making landscape for biodiversity (IMoSEB £7K)
2005-2008	Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: the role of heterogeneity (NERC, £231K)
2005-2006	SUSLIVE: a framework for sustainable livelihoods. Biodiversity change and conflict resolution (UKPopNet/NERC £199K)
2005	The Future of Healthy Ecosystems (DEFRA £51K)
2005	RELU-The International Context (RELU £25K)
2003-2008	UK DIVERSITAS Office (NERC, 231K)
2001-2004	Is the pearl mussel an keystone engineer? (NERC). A programme held jointly with Mark Young at Aberdeen University (£153K)
2001-2004	Body size, interaction strength and food webs (NERC). A collaboration with Richard Law in Biology at York University (£122K)

Supervision

Current students

• Zoe Austin (NERC) "The impact of deer on biodiversity in the east of England" (jointly supervised with Piran White)
• Hamida Bibi (Pakistan Govt) "Effects of pollution on body size relationships in aquatic invertebrate communities"
• Helen Laycock (NERC/ESRC) "Valuing biodiversity gains" (jointly with Piran White and Dominic Moran)
• Wei Lin (self-funded) "Spatial patterns and dynamics in shallow water marine systems"
• Roseliza Mat Alipiah (Malaysian Govt) "Valuation of ecosystem services" (jointly supervised with Jim Smart)
• Melanie Netherton (CSL/UoY) "The fate of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment" (jointly supervised with Alistair Boxall)
• Sirapraha Premcharoen (Thai Govt) "An ecotrophic model of a tropical mangrove estuary in Thailand"
• Jessica Wiegand (ESRC) "Ecosystem approach to environmental management" (jointly supervised with Piran White and Jim Smart)
• Tsuyuko Yamanaka (self-funded) "Marine ecosystems and climate change" (jointly supervised with Piran White)

Recent students

• Simon Longonje (self-funded) "The Cameroon Forest ecosystem: ecological and environmental dimensions"
• Michael Townsend (NERC, jointly supervised with Plymouth Marine Laboratory) "Biodiversity and ecosystem function in coastal systems"
• Toyonobu Fujii (self-funded) "Impact of global change on shallow water assemblages"
• Sophie Avila Foucet (Mexican govt, jointly supervised with Charles Perrings) "Ecological-economic approaches to integrated catchment management in Mexico"
• Tim Hounsome (CSL, jointly supervised with Martyn Gorman, University of Aberdeen) "Effects of badger removals"
• Steve Kirkby (CSL, jointly supervised with Martyn Gorman, University of Aberdeen) "Badgers in food webs"
• Gary White (Aberdeen Harbour Board, jointly supervised with Graeme Paton and Ian Marr, University of Aberdeen) "Environmental Impact Assessment of Aberdeen Harbour Current". PhD Awarded 2003
• Catherine Biles (NERC, joint with David Paterson, University of St Andrews) "Marine Benthic System Function and Biodiversity" PhD Awarded 2002
• Mark Emmerson (NERC). "Biodiversity in food webs". PhD awarded 2001.
• Henrik Jensen (Danish Fisheries, jointly supervised with Peter Wright, Marine laboratory Aberdeen). "Sandeel fisheries ecology". PhD awarded 2001
• Rebecca Leaper (NERC). "Organism size in foodwebs". PhD awarded 2000
• Stefan Bolan (Napier University, jointly supervised with Teresa Fernades and Paul Reid, Napier University). "Spatial patterns in infauna". PhD awarded 1999
• Vanda Mendonca (JNICT, jointly supervised with Peter Boyle, University of Aberdeen). "Trophic interactions on shores". PhD awarded 1997
• Levent Bat (Turkish Govt, jointly supervised with Ian Marr, University of Aberdeen). "Eco-toxicology of sediments". PhD awarded 1996
• Joanna Maloney (SERC). "Biomass size spectra in sediments". PhD awarded 1996
• Stefan Ragnarsson (Icelandic Government). "Bioengineers on mudflats". PhD awarded 1996
• Martin Bailey (SOAEFD, jointly supervised with Mike Heath, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen). "Ecology of sandeels". PhD awarded 1996
• Sarah Lawrie (NERC, jointly supervised with Steve Hall, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen). "Spatial pattern in marine sediments". PhD awarded 1996
• Niall Bell (AURIS). "Multivariate analysis of benthic communities". PhD awarded 1996

External activities

Editorial duties

• 2003 - Editorial board, Journal of Sea Research
• 1998 - 2006 Editor, Journal of Animal Ecology
• 1992 - 2006 Editorial board, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
• 1996 - 1999 Editor, Advances in Ecological Research

Publications

Full publications list

Books/Book Chapters

• Raffaelli, D. & Frid, CJ (2009). Ecosystem Ecology, a New Synthesis.  Cambridge University Press, 180pp.
• Raffaelli D, Zuur, AF (2008) Large-scale impacts of land-use change in a Scottish Farming Catchment. In, Analyzing Ecological Data (ed) Zuur, AF, Ieno, EN, Smith GM. Springer, p361-380.
• Hildrew, A, Raffaelli, D, Edmonds-Brown, R. (2007). Body size: the structure and function of aquatic systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 343pp.
• Raffaelli, D. (2007). Food webs, body size and the curse of the Latin binomial. In, From energetics to ecosystems: the dynamics and structure of ecological systems (ed) Rooney, N, McCann, KS and Noakes DLG, p53-64, Springer, Dordrecht.
• Kennish, M, Raffaelli, D.G., Reise, K, Livingston, RJ (2008). Environmental futures of estuaries. In Aquatic Ecosystems. Trends and global prospects, (ed) Polunin, N., p188-208. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
• Raffaelli, D (2005). Tracing perturbation effects in food webs: the potential and limitation of experimental approaches. In Dynamic Food Webs, (eds Ruiter et al.), Academic Press, London, p 348-353
• Raffaelli, D (2005). Intertidal rocky and sandy shores. In Marine Ecology: Processes, systems and impacts (eds Kaiser et al.), Oxford University Press Press, Oxford, 432pp.
• Scharler, UM, Hulot, FD, Barid, DJ, Cross, WF, Culp, JM, Layman, CA, Raffaelli, D, Vos, M, Winemiller, KO (2005). Central issues for aquatic food webs: from chemical cues to whole system responses. In Dynamic Food Webs, (eds Ruiter et al.), Academic Press, London, p 451-462.
• Raffaelli, D.G., White, P.C.L., Renwick, A., Smart, J.C.R. & Perrings, C. (2004) The Health of Ecosystems: the Ythan estuary case study. In Handbook of Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health (eds. Jørgensen, S.E., Costanza, R. & Xu, F-L.) CRC Press.
• Riley, R., Townsend, C.R., Raffaelli, D.G. and Flecker, A.S. (2004).  Sources and effects of subsidies along the stream-estuary continuum. In, Food webs at the landscape level (eds. Polis, G.A., Power, M.E., Huxel, G.R.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp 241-260.
• Solan, M., Germano, J.D., Raffaelli, D.G. and Warwick, R.M. (2003). Benthic dynamics: in-situ surveillance of the sediment-water interface. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 285-6, 511pp.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Solan, M. and Paterson, D. (Eds.). 2003. The Estuaries of north-east Scotland.  Coastal Zone Topics: process, ecology & management. Volume 5, 114pp.
• Raffaelli, D.G., van der Heijden, M., van der Putten, W.,  Kennedy, E., Koricheva, J., Lacroix, G., Mikola, J., Persson,  L., Petchey, O. and  Wardle, D.A., 2002. Multi-trophic processes and ecosystem function, In, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, Loreau, M., Naeem, S. and Inchausti, P. (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 147-154  
• Nedwell, D. and D.G. Raffaelli (Eds) (1999). Estuaries, Academic Press, 306p
• Raffaelli, D.G. and S.J. Hawkins (1996). Intertidal Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London. 250pp.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Hildrew, A. and P. Giller (1994). Scale, pattern and process in aquatic systems: concluding remarks. In: British Ecological Society Symposium, April 1992, Aquatic Ecology: scale, pattern and process. Blackwells Oxford, 620 pp.
• Johannesson, K., Raffaelli, D.G. and C.J. Hannaford Ellis (Eds.) (1990). Progress in Littorinid and Muricid Biology. (Series Ed: Dumont, H.J.). Developments in Hydrobiology, 56). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 285 pages.

Papers 

• Montoya, J, and Raffaelli, D (2010). Climate change, biotic interactions and ecosystem services. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 365, 2013-2018.
• Bulling, M, Hicks, N, Murray, L, Paterson, D, Raffaelli, D, White, PCL (2010). Marine biodiversity-ecosystem functions under uncertain environmental futures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 365, 2107-2116.
• Wiegand, J, Raffaelli, D, Smart, JCRS, White, PCL (2010).  Assessment of temporal trends in ecosystem health using an holistic indicator.  Journal of Environmental Management 91:1446-1455. 
• Cohen, JE, Schittler, DN, Raffaelli, DG, Reuman, DC. (2009). Food webs are more than the sum of their tri-trophic parts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 22335-22340.
• Laycock, H, Moran, D, Smart, J, Raffaelli, D, White, PCL. (2009). Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of conservation: the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Biological Conservation 142: 3120-3127.
• Reuman, DC, Mulder, C, Banasek-Richter, C, Blandenier, MFC, Breure, AM, den Hollander, H, Kneital, JM, Raffaelli, D, Woodward, G, Cohen, JE (2009).  Allometry of body size and abundance in 166 food webs.  Advances in Ecological Research 41: 1- 
• Avila-Foucet, VS, Perrings, C, Raffaelli, D. (2009). An ecological economics model for catchment management. Ecological Economics 68: 2224-2231.
• Fujii, T, Raffaelli, D. (2008). Sea-level rise, expected environmental changes and responses of intertidal benthic macrofauna in the Humber estuary, UK. Marine Ecology Progress Series 371: 23-35.
• Bulling, MT, Solan, M, Dyson, K, Hernandez-Milian, G, Luque, P, Pierce, G, Raffaelli, D, Paterson, D, White, PCL. (2008). Species effects on ecosystem processes are modified by faunal responses to habitat composition. Oecologia 158: 511-520.
• Webb, TJ, Raffaelli, D. (2008). Conversations in conservation: revealing and dealing with language differences in environmental conflicts. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1198-1204.
• Rueman, DC, Mulder, C, Raffaelli, D, Cohen, JE. (2008) Three allometric relations of population density to body mass: theoretical integration and empirical tests in 149 foods webs. Ecology Letters 11: (in press)
• Gorman, ML, Raffaelli, D (2008). The functional role of wild mammals in agricultural systems. Mammal Review 38: 220-230.
• Dolbeth, M, Cardoso, PG, Ferreira, SM, Verdelhous, T, Raffaelli, D, Pardal, MA (2007). Anthropogenic and natural disturbance effects on a macrobenthic estuarine community over a 10-year period. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:576-585.
• Cardoso, PG, Raffaelli, D, Pardal, MA. (2007) Seagrass beds and intertidal invertebrates: an experimental test of the role of habitat structure. Hydrobiologia 575: 221-230.
• Cardoso, PG, Raffaelli, D, Lillebo, AI, Verdelhous, T, Pardal, MA. (2008) The impacts of extreme flooding events and anthropogenic stressors on the macrobenthic communities dynamics., Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 76: 553-565.
• Cardoso, PG, Raffaelli, D, Pardal, MA. (2008) The impact of extreme weather events on the seagrass Zostera noltii and related Hydrobia ulvae population. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 483-492.
• Mendonca, VM, Raffaelli, DG, Boyle, PR, Hoskins, S.  (2008) Spatial and temporal characteristics of benthic invertebrate communities at Culbin Sands lagoon, Moray Firth, NE Scotland, and impacts of the disturbance of cockle harvesting. Scientia marina 72: 265-278.
• Mendonca, VM, Raffaelli, DG, Boyle, PR (2007) Interactions between shorebirds and benthic invertebrates at Culbin Sands lagoon, NE Scotland: effects of avian predation on their prey community density and structure. Scientia marina 71: 579-591.
• Mendonca, VM, Raffaelli, DG, Boyle, PR, Emmes, C. (2007) The ecological role of overwintering fish in the food web of the  Culbin Sands lagoon, NE Scotland: identifying major trophic links and testing the effects of the fish Pomatoschistus microps (Pallas) on benthic invertebrates. Scientia marina 71: 649-660.
• Balvanera,P., Pfisterer, A., Buchmann, N., He, J-S., Nakashizuka,T., Raffaelli, D. Schmid, B. (2006). Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters 9: 1–11
• Raffaelli, D (2006). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: issues of scale and trophic complexity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311: 285-294
• Bullin, M.T., White, P.C.L.W., Raffaelli, D.G., Pierce, G.J. (2006). Using model systems to address the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning process. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311: 295-309.
• Raffaelli, D, Solan, M, Webb, TJ (2005). Do marine and terrestrial ecologists do it differently? Marine Ecology Progress Series 304: 271-307
• Raffaelli, D.G. (2004) How extinction patterns affect ecosystems. Science 306: 1141-1142.
• Emmerson, MC, Raffaelli, DG. (2004). Predator-prey body size, interaction strength and the stability of a real food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 399-409.
• Cardoso, P.G., Pardal, M.A., Raffaelli, D.G., Baeta, A. and Marques, J.C. (2004). Macroinvertebrate response to different species of macroalgal mats and the role of disturbance history. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 308:207-220.
• Cardoso, P.G., Pardal, M.A., Lillebo, A.I., Ferreira, S.M., Raffaelli, D.G. and Marques, J.C. (2004). Dynamic changes in seagrass assemblages under eutrophication and implications for recovery. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302:233-248.
• Gessner, M.O., Inchausti, P., Persson, L., Raffaelli, D.G. and Giller, P.S. (2004). Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: insights from aquatic systems. Oikos 104:419-422.
• Pardal, M. A., Cardoso, P.G., Sousa, J. P., C. Marques1, J.C. and Raffaelli, D.G. (2004). Assessing environmental quality: a novel approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 267: 1–8.
• Ragnarsson, S. and Raffaelli, D.G. (2003). The effects of community dominants in the organisation of intertidal mudflats of the Ythan Estuary. In The Estuaries of north-east Scotland (Ed Raffaelli, D.G., Solan, M. and Paterson, D.). Coastal Zone Topics 5, 47-54.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Solan, M. and Paterson, D. (Eds.). (2003). The Estuaries of north-east Scotland. Coastal Zone Topics: process, ecology & management. Volume 5, 114pp.
• Biles, C.L., Solan, M., Isaksson, I., Paterson, D.M., Emes, C. and Raffaelli, D.G. (2003). Flow modifies the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: an in situ study of estuarine sediments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 285-6, 165-178. 
• Raffaelli, D.G., Bell, E., Weithoff, G., Matsumoto, A., Cruz-Motta, J.J., Kershaw, P., Parker, R., Parry, D. and Jones, M. (2003). The ups and downs of benthic ecology: considerations of scale, heterogeneity and surveillance for benthic-pelagic coupling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 285-6, 191-204. 
• Raffaelli, D., Emerson, M, Solan, M, Biles, C, Paterson D. (2002). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in shallow coastal waters: an experimental approach. Journal of Sea Research 316, 1-9.
• Ragnarsson, S. and Raffaelli, D.G. 2003. The effects of community dominants in the organisation of intertidal mudflats of the Ythan Estuary. In The Estuaries of north-east Scotland (Ed Raffaelli, D.G., Solan, M. and Paterson, D.). Coastal Zone Topics  5, 47-54.
• Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J.P., Hector, A., Hooper, D.U., Huston, M.A., Raffaelli, D.G., Schimd, B., Tilman, D., Wardle, D.A. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804-808. 
• Raffaelli, D.G. 2002. From Elton to Mathematics and Back Again. Science 296: 1035-1037. 
• Speirs, D., Lawrie, S., Raffaelli, D.G., Gurney, W. and Emes, C. 2002. Why do shallow water predators migrate? Strategic models and empirical evidence from an estuarine mysid. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 280: 13-31.
• Raffaelli, D.G. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in shallow coastal waters: an experimental approach. Journal of Sea Research (in press). 
• Emmerson, M.C., Solan, M, Emes, C., Paterson, D.M. and D.G. Raffaelli (2001). Consistent patterns and the idiosyncstatic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosysytems. Nature 411: 73-77.
• Leaper, R., Raffaelli, D.G., Emes, C. and B. Manly (2001). Constraints on body-size distributions: an experimental test of the habitat architecture hypothesis. J. Anim. Ecol. 70: 248-259.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and H. Moller (2000). Manipulative experiments in animal ecology - do they promise more than they can deliver? Adv. Ecol. Res. 30: 299-330.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (2000). Interactions between macro-algal mats and invertebrates in the Ythan estuary, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Helgoland Meersunter 54: 71-79.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Hall, S.J., Emes, C. and B. Manly (2000). Constraints on body size distributions: an experimental approach using a small-scale system. Oecologia 122: 389-398.
• Lawrie, S. and D.G. Raffaelli (2000). Small-scale patterns of the amphipod Corophium volutator on the Ythan Estuary, Aberdeenshire. Sarsia 85: 321-327.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (2000). Trends in marine food research. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 250: 223-232.
• Emmerson, M. and D.G. Raffaelli (2000). Detecting the effects of biodiversity on measures of ecosystem function - experimental design, null models and empirical observations. Oikos 91: 195-203.
• Bolam, S.G., Fernamdes, T.F., Read, P. and D.G. Raffaelli (2000). Effects of macroalgal mats on intertidal sandflats: an experimental study. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 249: 123-137.
• Ragnarsson, S. and D.G.Raffaelli (1999). Effects of the mussel Mytilus edulis on the invertebrate fauna of sediments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 241: 31-44.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Balls, P., Way, S., Patterson, I.J., Hohman, S.A. and N. Corp (1999). Major changes in the ecology of the Ythan estuary, Aberdeenshire: how important are physical factors? Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 9: 219-236.
• Lawrie, S.M., Speirs, D.G. Raffaelli, D.G., Gurney, W.S.C. Paterson, D. and R. Ford (1999). The swimming behaviour and distribution of Neomysis integer in relation to tidal flow. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 242: 95-106.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1999). Nutrient enrichment and trophic organisation in an estuarine food web. Acta Oecologia 20: 449-461.
• Leaper, R. and D.G. Raffaelli (1999). Defining the body size-abundance constraint space: data from a real web. Ecol. Lett. 2: 191-199.
• Bat, L. and D.G. Raffaelli (1998). Sediment toxicity testing: a bioassay approach using the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 223: 185-196.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Raven, J. and L. Poole (1998). Ecological impact of green macroalgal blooms. Ann. Rev. Mar. Biol. Oceanogr. 36: 97-125.
• Bat, L., Raffaelli, D.G. and I.L. Marr (1998). The accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 223: 167-184.
• Lawrie, S.M. and D.G. Raffaelli (1998). Activity and Mobility of Corophium volutator. A Field Study. Mar. Fresh. Behav. Physiol. 31: 39-53.
• Lawrie, S.M. and D.G. Raffaelli (1998). In situ swimming behaviour of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 224: 237-251.
• Gamito, S., Wallace, J.C. and D.G. Raffaelli (1997). An observation of prey selection by hatchery-reared juveniles of Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) in a salina water reservoir of Ria Formosa (Portugal). Publ. Espec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 23: 171-179.
• Limia, J. and D.G. Raffaelli (1997). Effects of burrowing by the amphipod Corophium volutator on the Ecology of intertidal sediments. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 77: 408-413.
• Huxham, M., Beeney, S. and D.G. Raffaelli (1996). Do parasites reduce the chances of triangulation in a real food web? Oikos 76: 284-300.
• Huxham, M., Raffaelli, D.G. and A.W. Pike. (1995). Parasites and food web patterns. J. Anim. Ecol. 64: 168-176.
• Huxham, M., Raffaelli, D.G. and A.W. Pike. (1995). The effect of larval trematodes on the growth and burrowing behaviour of Hydrobia ulvae (gastropoda: prosobranchiata) in the Ythan Estuary, north-east Scotland. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 185: 1-17.
• Huxham, M., Raffaelli, D.G. and A.W. Pike (1994). The influence of Cryptocotyle lingua infections on the survival and fecundity of Littorina littorea: an ecological approach. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 168: 223-238.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and S.J. Hall (1993). Food Webs; theory and reality. Adv. Ecol. Res. 24: 187-239.
• Gorman, M.L. and D.G. Raffaelli (1993). Classic Sites - The Ythan Estuary. The Biologist. 40: 10-13.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and S.J. Hall (1992). Compartments and predation in estuarine food web. J. Anim. Ecol. 61: 551-560.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1992). Conservation of Scottish estuaries. Proc Roy. Soc. Edinb. 100B: 55-76.
• Gamito, S. and D.G. Raffaelli (1992). The sensitivity of several ordination techniques to sample replication. J. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 164: 221-232.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Karakassis, I. And A. Galloway (1991). Zonation schemes on sandy shores: a multivariate approach. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 148: 241-253.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Limia, J., Hull, S. and S. Pont (1991). Interactions between invertebrates and macroalgal mats on estuarine mudflats. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 71: 899-908.
• Hall, S.J., Raffaelli, D.G. and W.R. Turrel (1991). Predator caging experiments in marine systems: a re-examination of their value. Amer. Nat. 136: 657-672.
• Hall, S.J. and D.G. Raffaelli (1991). Static patterns in food webs: lessons from a large web. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 823-842.
• Hall, S.J., Basford, D.J. Robertson, M., D.G. Raffaelli and I.Tuck (1991). Patterns of recolonisation and the importance of pit digging by the crab Cancer pagurus in a subtidal sand habitat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72: 93-102.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and A.J. Mordue (1990). The relative importance of molluscs and insects as selective grazers of acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens). J. Moll. Stud. 56: 37-45.
• Dow, F.K., Davies, J.M. and D.G. Raffaelli (1990). The effects of drill cuttings on a model marine sediment system. Mar. Env. Res. 29: 103-134.
• Hall, S.J., Raffaelli, D.G., Robertson, M.R. and D.J. Basford (1990). The role of the predatory crab, Liocarcinus depurator, in a marine food web. J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 421-438.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Richner, H., Summers, R. and S. Northcott (1990). Tidal migrations in the flounder (Platichthys flesus). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 16: 249-260.
• Hall, S.J., Raffaelli, D.G., and Basford, D.J. and M.R. Robertson (1990). The importance of flatfish predation and disturbance on marine benthos: an experiment with dab Limanda limanda (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 136: 65-76.
• Basford, D., Eleftheriou, A. and D.G Raffaelli (1990). The infauna and epifauna of the northern North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res. 25: 165-173.
• Hall, S.J., Raffaelli, D.G., Basford, D. and M. Robertson (1990). The feeding relationships of the larger fish species in a Scottish sea loch. J. Fish Biol. 37: 775-791
• Jaquet, N. and D.G. Raffaelli (1989). The ecological importance of sand gobies in an estuarine system. J. Exp. Mar. Biol Ecol. 128: 147-156.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Conacher, A., McLachlan, H. and C.Emes (1989). The role of epibenthic crustacean predators in an estuarine food web. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 28: 149-160.
• Basford, D.J., Eleftheriou, A. and D.G. Raffaelli (1989). The epifauna of the northern North Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 69: 387-407.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Hull, S. and H. Milne (1989). Long-term changes in nutrients, weed mats and shorebirds in an estuarine system. Cah. Biol. Mar. 30: 259-270.
• Leaver, M.J., Burke, M.D., George, S.G., Davies, J.M. and D.G. Raffaelli (1988). Induction of cytochrome P-450 monoxygenease activities in plaice by "model" inducers and drilling muds. Mar. Env. Res. 24: 27-30.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and H. Milne (1987). An experimental investigation of the effects of shorebird and flatfish predation on estuarine invertebrates. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 24: 1-13.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1987). The behaviour of the nematode/copepod ratio in organic pollution studies. Mar. Env. Res. 23: 135-152.
• Leaver, M.J., Murison, D.J., J.M., and D.G. Raffaelli (1987). Experimental studies of the effects of drilling discharges. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 316: 625-640.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and P.R. Boyle (1986). The intertidal macrofauna of Nigg Bay. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 91B: 113-141.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1985). Functional feeding groups of some intertidal molluscs defined by gut contents analysis. J. Moll. Stud. 51: 233-239.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1982). Recent ecological research on some European species of Littorina, J. Moll. Stud. 48: 342-354.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1982). An assessment of the potential of major meiofaunal groups for monitoring organic pollution. Mar. Env. Res. 7: 151-164.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and C.F. Mason (1981). Pollution monitoring with meiofauna using the ratio of nematodes to copepods. Mar. Poll. Bull. 12: 158-163.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1981). Monitoring with meiofauna – a reply to Coull, Hicks and Wells (1981) and additional data. Mar. Poll. Bull. 12: 381-382.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1980). The grazer-algae interaction in the intertidal zone on New Zealand rocky shores. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 38: 81-100.
• Elner, R.W. and D.G. Raffaelli (1980). Interaction between two marine snails (Littorina rudis and Littorina nigrolineata), a predator (Carcinus maenas) and a parasite (Microphallus similis). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 43: 151-160.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1979). The taxonomy of the Littornia saxatilis species-complex, with particular regard to the systematic position of Littornia patula Jeffreys. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 65: 219-232.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1979). Colour polymorphism in the intertidal snail Littorina rudis Maton. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 67: 65-73.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and R.N. Hughes (1978). The effect of crevice size and availability on populations of Littornia rudis and Littornia neritoides. J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 71-83.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1978). The relationship between shell injuries, shell thickness and habitat characteristics of the intertidal snail Littorina rudis Maton. J. Moll. Stud. 44: 166-170.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1978). Factors affecting the population structure of Littornia neglecta Bean. J. Moll. Stud. 44: 223-230.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1977). Observations on the copulatory behaviour of Littorina rudis (Maton) and Littorina nigrolineata (Gray). Veliger 20: 75-77.
• Loxton, R.G., Raffaelli, D.G. and M. Begon (1975). Coprophagy and the diurnal cycle of the Common Shrew Sorex araneus. J. Zool. Lond. 177: 449-453.

Conference papers etc

• D.G. Raffaelli and M. Emmerson (2001). Experimental approaches to integrating production, structure and dynamics in sediment communities. In, Ecological Comparisons of sedimentary shores, K. Reise (ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp337-355.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1998). Impact of catchment land-use on an estuarine benthic food web. In: Biogeochemical cycling and sediment ecology. (Eds: J. Gray, W. Ambrose, A. Szchiawska), NATO ASI Series, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp161-172.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1998). The Community Ecology of the Ythan Estuary. In: The Natural History of the Ythan (Ed: M.L. Gorman. University of Aberdeen).
• Hall, S.J. and D.G. Raffaelli (1997). Food Web Patterns: what do we really know? In: Mutitrophic Interactions (Ed: Gange, A.C. et al). Blackwells Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 395-417.
• Matthews, J.B.L., Gage, J.D. and D.G. Raffaelli (1997). Marine Biodiversity. In: Biodiversity in Scotland: Status Trends and Initiatives. Eds: Flemings, L.V. Newton, A.C., Vickery, J.A. and Usher, M.B. HMSO.
• Moller, H. and D.G. Raffaelli (1996). Predicting risks from new organisms: the potential of community press experiments. Statistics in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Dunedin, pp 131-156.
• Raffaelli, D.G. and S.J. Hall (1995). Assessing the relative importance of trophic links in food webs. In: Food Webs: patterns and process, Chapman and Hall, pp 185-191.
• Hall, S.J., Raffaelli, D.G. and S. Thrush (1993). Spatial scale, disturbance and patch dynamics in soft sediment systems. In: British Ecological Society Symposium, April 1992, Aquatic Ecology: scale, pattern and process. Blackwells Oxford, p 333-375.
• Raffaelli, D.G. (1990). Epilogue. Hydrobiol., 193: 271-273.
• Raffaelli, D.G., Falcy, V. and C. Galbraith (1990). Eider predation and the dynamics of mussel-bed communities. Pp 157-169. In: Proc. 24th Europ. Mar, Biol. Symp., (Eds: M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson).

Teaching

Undergraduate

• Applied Ecology and Environmental Management
• Ecological Principles for the Environment - I and II
• The Dynamics of Social-Ecological Systems

Postgraduate

• Population and Community Ecology for Environmental Management